chapter 17 the east asian world. china at its apex why were the manchu’s so successful at...
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CHAPTER 17The East Asian World
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China at its Apex
• Why were the Manchu’s so successful at establishing a foreign dynasty in China?
• What were the main characteristics of Manchu Rule?
• Banners
• Dyarchy
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Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644)
• Reign of Kublai Khan ended 1368
• Zhu Yuanzhang – Peasant rebellion– Period of expansion– Zheng He (1405-1433)
• Portuguese Contact– Permitted to Occupy Macao– Direct trade limited– Strong Jesuit Influence
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16th C Decline of Ming
• Factors– Weak rulers– Era of corruption – concentration of land– English & Dutch disrupted silver trade– Decline of economy– decline of crop yields– Starvation & Epidemic– Peasant Rebellion
• LiZicheng, occupied Beijing
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China and Its Enemies During the Late Ming Era
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Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
• Manchu's & Ming Military assumed the rebellion founded the Qing in 1644
• The Reign of Kangxi (1661-1722) • Stabilized imperial rule by pacifying the northern
and western frontiers• Made the empire acceptable to the general public• Active patron of arts and letters
– Supported scholars through projects
• Western missionaries were permitted to be active
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Emperor KangxiThe Era of Peace & Prosperity
© Hu Weibiao/Panorama/The Image Works
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Signs of Internal decay
• The Reign of Qianlong (1736-1795)• Military overextended• Corrupt subordinates exploited their position• Court corruption, siphoned off imperial funds to
family or favorites • Led to unrest in rural areas (higher taxes, pressure
on land, population increase)– White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) was suppressed at
great imperial expense
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Qing Politics
• Factors of success for the Manchu's– Ability to adapt to new environment– Retained Ming Political system– Established legitimacy as rightful rulers by
stressing their devotion to the principles of Confucianism
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Qing Politics• Factors of conflict?
– Ethnically, linguistically and culturally different from subjects
• Tried to protect unique identity (2% of population) • Legally defined as distinct from everyone else • Banners (stationed as separate units in various
strategic positions throughout china) the bannerman were the primary fighting force of the empire
• Dyarchy – all important administrative positions were shared equally by Chinese and Manchu's
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The Qing Empire in the Eighteenth Century
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Rise of European Dominance
• End of the 17th C English became the dominant force in European trade– East Indian Company
• trading unit and administrator of English territories
• First trading post in Canton in 1699
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Canton in the Eighteenth Century
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European Warehouses at Canton
•End of the 18th C England demanded they be allowed access to other cities along the coast and that the country be opened up to manufactured goods.
© The Art Archive/Marine Museum, Stockholm, Sweden/Gianni Dagli Orti
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Changing China
• How did the economy and society change during the Ming and Qing eras?
• To what degree did these changes seem to be leading toward an industrial revolution on the European Model?
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Social & Economic Changes• The Population explosion
– During Ming and Qing 70-80 million in 1390• Era of peace and stability under early Qing
• Introduction of new crops – peanuts, sweet potatoes, maize
• New species of faster growing rice
• Seed of industrialization• Steady growth of manufacturing and commerce
• Commercial networks began to operate regionally and nationally.
• Exports outpaced imports
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Role of Women• Daily Life in Qing China
– Subordinate to men• Secluded and virtuous (Spanish observation)• Could not divorce or inherit property• He could divorce her if she produced no male heirs• Patriarchal privilege: second wife or concubine for
pleasure• Widows if they remarried , the in laws would
inherit all of her previous property and original dowry
• Female sacrifice & infanticide
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Tokugawa Japan
• How did the society and economy of Japan change during the Tokugawa era?
• How did Japanese culture reflect those changes?
• Fudai Daimyo
• Tozama Daimyo
• Ronin
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The Three Great Unifiers
• Oda Nobunaga & Toyotomi Hideyoshi– generals attempted to seize control and expand their rule.
• Tokugawa Leyasu • named himself Shogun in 1603
• Most powerful and long lasting of all
• Tokugawa rulers completed the restoration of central authority that previous rulers had begun.
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Tokugawa Japan
Open to western trade & religion
Restricted after missionaries acquired territory & used force to convert
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The Tokugawa “Great Peace”
• Characteristics of Administration– Centralized Rule– Shogun ruled through Bakufu (coalition of Daimyo &
council of elders– Shogunate’s dual role
• Set national policy on behalf of Emp. Kyoto• Governed Shoguns domain• Domains or Han ruled by 250 Daimyo
– Fudai (inside Daimyo subordinate to Shogun)– Tozama (Outside Daimyo, independent)
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Changes in Hierarchy
• Daimyo- supported by taxes on their lands
• Dual residence, family stayed in Edo to ensure their loyalty to the Shogunate– Reliance on rice cultivation - debt
• Samurai Class size limited, ceased to be a warrior class but maintained class distinction
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Seeds of Capitalism
• Rise in commerce and manufacturing
• Tech advances in agriculture and expansion of arable land
• Commercial expansion took place in major cities and castle towns for the most part– Merchants and artisans lived with samurai
• Banking & paper currency
• Merchants guilds established
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Beneficiaries of Changes
• Emergence of a merchant Class– Played a significant role in the life of the
nation– Early indigenous form of capitalism
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Non-beneficiaries of Changes
• Samurai – barred from commercial activities– Fell into debt– “masterless samurai” or Ronin
• Farmers– rice cultivation saw rising cost of living and
decrease in profits– Transition to tenancy or wage labor– Peasant revolts
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Rigid Patriarchal Caste society
• Intermarriage between classes not permitted – (warriors, artisans, peasant and merchant)
• Eta –outcastes of society – Hereditary Status – Ruled by discriminatory laws
• (where they could live, how they could dress and wear their hair)
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Role of Women (Upper class)• Women became more restricted than
previous• (Confucian ideals more prominent in samurai class)
• Patriarchs had broad authority over property, marriage, divorce– Wives were expected to obey on pain of death– Males took concubines or homosexual partners
(Females were expected to remain chaste)
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Role of Women (lower class)• Women valued as child bearers and
homemakers• Both sexes worked in the fields• Coeducational schools (25% students
female)• Infant daughters put to death or sold into
prostitution (poor families) • patrilocal marriage
• If she did not meet expectations –she would be divorced
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Cultural Reflections of Change
• Popular literature written for townspeople (urban fiction) – Five women who loved love by Saikaku– Homosexual liaisons among the samurai
• Kabuki – the rise of the theater
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Korea & Vietnam
• To what degree did developments in Korea during this period reflect conditions in China and Japan?
• What were the unique aspects of Vietnamese civilization?
• Yangban
• Chonmin
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Similarities to Japan
• Entry into the bureaucracy was restricted to members of the aristocratic class– (Yangban “two Groups” civilian and military classes)
• Peasants remained in serf like conditions– worked on government estates or manors– Chonmin – class of slaves
• served on government plantations • occupations such as butchers and entertainers (beneath
dignity of the population)
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Changes
• 15th C phonetic alphabet (Hangul) – Allowed for private correspondence and
published fiction for popular audience
• A rising commercial class began to displace the Yangban began to blur class distinction – (some became merchants, others peasants
as the rising commercial class grew in power and strength)
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Dai Viet (Vietnam)
• Isolated from maritime routes– Peripherally involved in the spice trade– Did not lose territory to European colonial
powers
• Followed an imperial path of its own– Expanded into the state of Champa to the
south and into Old Angkor (Cambodia)– 17th C civil war split Dai Viet into two territories
• Beginning of European involvement