chapter 17- the development of the west
TRANSCRIPT
1450 - 1750
Chapter 17The Transformation of the
West
Italian Renaissance
Challenge of medieval values and stylesBoccaccio and Petrarch promote values in
their writing that is contrary to medieval logic and theology
Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince – political theory, discussed realistic ways to seize and maintain power.
Humanism – focus on human kind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor Religion isn’t attacked, but is no longer the dominant
focus
Niccolo Machiavelli
The PrincePublished in 1513Combined personal experience of politics
with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power
“The end justifies the means” (do what you gotta do)
Ruthless power politics, use whatever methods necessary to achieve goals
Controversy? - some see this as an excuse to be corrupt and deceitful politicians
Influence?
Commerce – merchants improve banking techniques, b/m more openly profit-seeking
Political – leaders rule with emphasis on what they could do to advance the well-being and glory of their city Develop professional armies Sponsored cultural activities
Italian City-StatesFlorence, Milan, Venice,
Genoa, Rome, Naples, etc.Because Italy was the
center of the Roman Empire, Italy was a natural place for the birth of the Renaissance.
Merchant class – wealthy and powerful, promoted cultural revival. Stressed education, individual achievement, and lavishly supported the arts.
PatronsMerchant class -
Northern Renaissance
Albrecht Durer – “German Leonardo” Studied in Italy Wide-range of interests, painted and created engravings
Engravings – artists etches a design on a metal plate with acid and uses the plate to make prints
Flemish painters – develop oil paint, which survives time more successfully
Hubert van Eyck Paintings of townspeople and religious scenes, realistic details
Pieter Bruegel Vibrant colors to portrayal lively scenes of peasant life
Peter Paul Rubens Enormous paintings of pagan figures from the classical past
Albrecht Durer – Praying Hands
The Rhinoceros
Jan van Eyck – The Arnolfini Marriage
The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin
Books from Alibris
Pieter Bruegel – Peasant Wedding
The Peasants’ Dance
Children’s Games
Northern Humanists
Erasmus –(Desiderius) Thought Bible should be translated to vernacular The Praise of Folly – uses humor to expose ignorant
and immoral behavior by limiting church to Latin it is as if “the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it”
Thomas More’s Utopia Ideas society in which men and women live in peace
and harmony, no one is idle, all are educated, justice is used to end crime Utopian “ideal society”
Writers for a New Audience
Shakespeare – England Renaissance playwright and
poet 1590-1613 – wrote 37 plays Increases vocab of the
English language – over 1,700 words (bedroom, lonely, generous, gloomy, heartsick, etc)
Printing Revolution
1456- Johann Gutenberg, Mainz, Germany
Developed movable type Created first printing
press and the first complete edition of the Bible
By 1500 over 20 million volumes were printed
Cheaper and easier to produce
Literacy rates increase Broad range of
knowledge
Martin Luther
Was a devout Catholic, served as a monk, tried to continually bring himself closer to God
Nails his Ninety-five Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany on All Hallows Eve, 1517 Protests sale of indulgences (“Heaven Insurance” for
you and your loved ones – dead or alive!) Salvation by faith alone; he opposed the Catholic
Church’s beliefs in penance and good works Bible is the only authority for Christian life; Pope is a
false authority Priesthood of all believers – each person should have an
individual relationship with God and should read/interpret the Bible for him/herself
All people are equal in the eyes of God
Wrote many books, essays, and letters – which are quickly printed and spread throughout
Luther was not easily silenced – he ideas shake Europe
Pope Leo X issues a Papal Bull June 15,1520 and threatens to excommunicate Luther unless he recanted
Luther and his students at the University of Witten berg burned the Papal Bull in a bonfire
Pope excommunicates Luther
Charles V – HRE 1521 – summons Luther to the Imperial Diet at
Worms to stand trial Refuses to recant his ideas,
“Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason…my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. Amen.”
Charles V replies – “A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a
thousand years must be wrong…I will proceed against him as a notorious heretic”
Charles V issues Edict of Worms – declaring Luther an outlaw and heretic
Frederick the Wise – German prince of Saxony, protects Luther in his castle for the first year after the Diet of Worms Spends the year translating the New Testament into
German
Luther’s ideas were practiced – priests began leading worship in German, calling themselves “ministers”
People give up on trying to reform the Catholic Church and become a group known as Lutherans
Changing Views of the Universe
Copernicus Heliocentric theory – sun is
center of universe, Earth revolves around sun
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Tycho Brahe Evidence to support
Copernicus’s theory Galileo
Assembled astronomical telescope Sees Jupiter with moons
rotating around it, like Copernicus’s claim of the Earth around the sun
Condemned for challenging Christian teachings that the heavens are fixed, unmoving and perfect
Tried before the Inquisition, was threatened death if he didn’t rescind his claims (he gives in)
Absolute monarchies“Reality checkers” –
Parliament/Estates General
Extending Spanish Power Charles V and the
Hapsburg Empire Inherits huge empire –
Spain and the Austrian Hapsburg Empire
Reign of continual conflict Protestant Reformation Ottoman empire and
Suleiman – up to Vienna
Charles V divides his empire, gives up his titles, and enters a monastery in 1556 HRE lands to bro- Ferdinand Spain and Netherlands to his
son, Philip (Philip II)
King Philip II of Spain 1556-1598 Hard-working Devout and ambitious 42 year reign Made his own power
absolute Claimed divine right Saw himself as guardian of
the Catholic Church and worked to strengthen it Enforced religious unity Spanish Inquisition against
Protestants and heretics
Netherlands viciously revolted for freedom from Spain’s reign Revolts in the 1560’s, 1581 – Dutch Netherlands
(they’re Protestant btw), not official til 1648Queen Elizabeth I of England is the
archenemy (she and England are Protestant) Queen Elizabeth secretly, then openly supported
the Netherlands efforts for freedom Encouraged Sea Dogs (English privateers) to
plunder Spanish treasure ships British navy defeats the Spanish Armada
Spanish had 130 ships 20,000 men and 2,400 artillery Long term effects of this event!!!
1600s Spain’s power and prosperity begin to decline
Lack of strong leadershipEconomic issues
Overseas wars drain wealth Treasure from the Americas caused imbalance –
Spain neglected their agriculture and commerce Expulsion of Muslims and Jews caused a deficit of
skilled artisans and merchants American gold and silver caused soaring inflation
France under Louis XIV Huguenots – French Protestants
Catholicism is majority in France St. Bartholomew’s Day, August 24, 1572 –
Huguenot and Catholic nobles gather to celebrate a royal wedding Violence erupts and 3,000 Huguenots are massacred
Many more Huguenots are slaughtered during the next few days St. Bart’s Day Massacre becomes a symbol of a complete
deterioration of order in France
Henry IV
Huguenot prince who inherits the French throne in 1589
“Paris is well worth a Mass” Edict of Nantes – 1598
Officially tolerated Huguenots, allowed them to fortify their own towns and cities
“a chicken in every pot” Attempt to mend peasant life Improves roads, builds
bridges, revives agriculture
**by reducing role of nobles, he lays groundwork for absolutism
Richelieu
Henry IV killed by an assassin Louis XIII (his son) becomes king
and appoints Cardinal Armand Richeleiu as his chief minister
Richelieu – cunning, capable leader, spends his time strengthening the central government Tries to destroy nobles’ power Smashes the walls of Huguenot
cities and bans formation of Huguenot armies
Defeated private armies of nobles and destroyed their fortified castles
Handpicks his successor – Cardinal Jules Mazarin
Louis XIV, the Sun King Became king at very young age (5 yrs
old), Mazarin essentially rules for him The Fronde – uprising of nobles,
merchants, peasants, and urban poor rebel, rioters even drive Louis out of the palace (even as a young boy)
Mazarin dies 1661 “L’etat, c’est moi” – I am the State –
Louis XIV takes responsibility for his reign and becomes an absolute monarch.
The Sun – becomes his symbol of absolute power Sun is the center of the universe
and I am the center of the nation “I am the State”
Doesn’t call up the Estates General during his reign (so his power isn’t checked)
From 1614-1789 The Estates General isn’t called up
Colbert
Intendant system – royal officials who collect taxes, recruit soldiers, and carry out king’s policies in each province
Army becomes Europe’s best – state paid, fed, trained and supplied up to 300,000 soldiers
Jean Baptiste Colbert – brilliant finance minister High tariffs on imports,
encouraged overseas colonies, export to colonies
Becomes wealthiest state in Europe
Versailles
Built in the countryside near Paris Spared no expense Became the king’s home and seat of government Housed 10,000 people from nobles and officials to
servants Elaborate ceremonies and rituals “levee” **Controlling the nobles by luring them to
Versailles**
Triumph of Parliament in England
Tudors Line of Successors – While the Tudor rulers believe in divine right, they also gave
Parliament consideration King Henry VIII
Asked Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy – when they do, the monarch of England becomes the head of the Church of England
Parliament becomes used to being consulted Edward VI Mary I Queen Elizabeth I – 1559-1603
Consulted Parliament when needed, made her a very popular ruler Forbade Parliament to meddle with the concept of her marriage
(or lack of)
When Elizabeth dies in 1603, no direct heir
Stuarts – ruling family of Scotland, closest relative
King James I Butted heads with Parliament
Actually dissolves Parliament and collects the taxes he wants on his own
Dissenters – Puritans wanted to “purify” the Church of England of Catholic practices Call for simpler services and a
more democratic church (no bishops)
K. James tells them to leave or he’ll “do worse”
King James version of the Bible emerged in 1611
Charles I – inherits throne in 1625 Behaved like an absolute monarch Imprisoned people without trial and squeezed
nation for money 1628 needed to raise taxes again and has to
summon Parliament Won’t approve taxation til K. Charles signs
the Petition of Right (prohibits king from taxing without Parliament’s approval, and prohibits imprisonment for unjust cause)
Signs it, but dissolved Parliament in 1629 Rules for 11 years without them Creates bitter enemies – especially the
Puritans 1637 – tries to impose the Book of Common
Prayer on the Scottish Calvinists They revolt, Charles summons Parl. To pay for
the army needed to take care of the revolt
The Long Parliament
Met on and off from 1640-1653Parliament tried and executed the King’s
chief ministersDeclare Parliament can’t be dissolved
without their own consentCharles I lashes backLeads troops into the House of Commons to
arrest its most radical leaders They escape through the back door and flee to form
their own armies
English Civil War
1642-1649 Cavaliers v. Roundheads Charles I and supporters v.
Parliament and supporters – country gentry, town-dwelling manufacturers, and Puritan clergy
Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell Skilled general New Model Army By 1647 the king was in the
hands of Parliamentary forces
Parliament puts King Charles on trial Condemned to death as a “tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy” January 1649 “I am a martyr of the people” Says a prayer and then signals the executioner ***Implications in Europe?***
Shockwave through EuropeKings had been assassinated or killed in
battle but never tried and executed by their own people
In England – no ruler can claim absolute power and ignore the rule of law
The Commonwealth
The House of Commons abolishes the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Church of England
Declares England a republic, called the Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell will serve as their leader
Puritan Influence
“rule of saints” – social revolution Sunday set aside for religious
observance Anyone 14 or older caught
“profaning” the Lord’s Day could be fined
Theatres, lewd dancing, taverns, and gambling are all restricted/closed down
Education is highly encouraged so both boys and girls can read the Bible
Encourage marriage to be based on love to encourage fidelity
Cromwell allowed religious freedom to other Protestants, and even welcomed Jews back into England (after 350+ yrs of exile)
Lord protector
Oliver can’t get along with the Rump Parliament either House of Commons wants to disband
Cromwell’s 50,000 man army So he disbands Parliament
1653 – Declares himself Lord Protector Imposes Puritan prohibitions Creates the first written constitution for his
“republic”…de facto dictatorship Dies 1658, son Richard succeeds him, but
England has had enough
Cromwell dies 1658 Puritans lose grip on England 1660 – Parliament invites Charles II to take his rightful place as King Monarchy is restored and the people warmly welcome him Reopened taverns and theatres Restored Church of England, tolerated other Protestants
James II inherits throne 1685
Flaunts his Catholic faith – even appoints Catholics in high office positions
English Protestants really worried James II will reinstate Catholicism
Parliamentary leaders ask James II’s daughter, Mary and her husband William to become the rulers of the throne
Glorious Revolution William and Mary come over from the Netherlands James II flees to France Bloodless overthrow of leadership called a “glorious
revolution” King William III and Queen Mary II are not crowned
until they recognize SEVERAL of Parliament’s conditions English Bill of Rights – requires monarch to
summon Parliament regularly and gives the House of Commons “power of the purse”
Bars Catholic monarchs Restates traditional rights of English citizens (trial
by jury) Abolishes excess fines, cruel or unjust punishment Habeas corpus – no person can be held in prison
without first being charged a specific crime Toleration Act 1689 – limits religious freedom to
Puritans, Quakers and other dissenters (not Catholics yet); but, only CofE can hold gvt positions
Enlightenment
Early Philosopher – Thomas Hobbes
Humans are flawed and need strong, harsh leadership
John Locke Natural rights Tabula rasa Social contract
Enlightenment Philosophers Rousseau – “Social Contract” Montesquieu – checks and balances
Status Check
SpainFranceEnglandHREItalyThe Church
Chapter 18 – Russia!
Russia: the third Rome?Ivan IIIIvan IV
Time of Troubles oprichniki
Michael Romanov
Peter the Great
His Focus (the 3 W’s)WesternizationWindow to the West
Building St. Petersburg
Warm water ports Needs to acquire them
Selective Borrowing
Toured all over Europe incognitoShipbuilding from HollandBallet from FranceChristmas trees from Germany
St. Petersburg
“Window to the West”Built in 1703Built on a marshCapital from 1703-
1918
Organizes military in Western style
First navy for RussiaEstablishes secret
policeContinually extended
territoryBuilds up industry
Some serfs sent to mines and the industrial jobs
Forcing Westernization
Forced on aristocracyBeardsWedding whips (p.
408 Stearns)Western clothesSpeaking French
Catherine the Great
Marries Peter IIIPrussian princess, converted to
Orthodoxy once her marriage is arranged
Becomes main ruler and helps develop a strong central state
Pugachev RebellionClaims AlaskaFights Ottomans, wins Crimean
SeaPartition of Poland – split
between Austria, Russia, and Prussia