chapter 17 section 2. philosophe – (fil-uh-sof) french for philosopher. applied to all...
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Chapter 17
Section 2
The EnlightenmentAge of Reason
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Philosophe – (fil-uh-sof)French for philosopher. Applied to all
intellectuals – writers, journalists, economists, and social reformers during the Enlightenment era.
Salon – Enlightenment ideas were spread in salons.
Wealthy upper class’s would congregate and discuss enlightenment ideas. Invited guests gathered to converse on new philosophes.
Vocabulary
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Rights with which all humans are supposedly born, including the rights to life, liberty and property (Locke)
Natural Law – conditions that govern human behavior. Thinkers began to believe that the problems of society could be solved through reasoning. They wanted a just society and a good government, and they wanted to design a sensible economy.
Some still opposed this idea of thinking – Kings and the Roman Catholic Church
Natural Rights
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John Locke1632-170417th century EnglishmanIdeas suggested that
people were molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world.
Natural rights of manLifeLibertyProperty
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Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government Ideas found in Declaration of Independence and US
Constitution.Locke argued that government was based on a cooperative
agreement between the people and the government of their choice. Locke had a more hopeful view of human nature than Hobbes for instance. Locke thought that people in a state of nature are guided by reason and good will. Individuals possess the natural rights of life, liberty and property.
Locke believed that the power to govern was a trust given to a ruler by the people. This idea is known as consent of the governed. The duty of the government to protect the rights of the governed became important to democracy in Europe and North America.
Locke’s Ideas
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Montesquieu1689 - 1755French nobilityPolitical thinkerChecks and balances of
government through separation of powers was the most lasting contribution to political thought.
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French PhilosopherThree basic kinds of governments
Republics (suitable for small states)Despotism [des-puh-tiz-uhm](appropriate for
large states)Monarchies (ideal for moderate-size states)
England’s Government had threeExecutive branch (Monarch)Legislative (parliament)Judicial (courts of law)
Montesquieu
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1694 – 1778French writerHistorianPhilosopher“universe like
A clock”
Voltaire
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Greatest figure of the EnlightenmentFrom Paris, FranceKnown for criticism of Christianity and strong
belief in religious toleranceDeism – 18th century religious philosophy
based on reason and natural law. (belief in a God who created the world but has since remained indifferent to it.)
Voltaire 1694 - 1778
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1713-1784 French PhilosopherGreatest contribution to
the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia
The Encyclopedia became the major weapon in the philosophes’ crusade against the old French society.
“to change the way of thinking”
Denis Diderot
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Adam Smith 1723 - 1790ScotlandEnlightened leader of
Economic thought Author, Wealth of Nations
Laissez-faire – government should intervene as little as possible in the direction of economic affairs.
Government had three basic rolesProtecting society from
invasion (the army)Defending citizens from
injustice (police)Keeping up certain public
works i.e., roads, canals, etc.
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"By pursuing his own interest [every individual] frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good."
(The Wealth of Nations)Adam Smith ––Scottish moral philosopher, political
economist
Adam Smith
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Cesare Beccaria 1738 – 1794 (Milan) Before Beccaria, extreme
punishment was common to try to deter crime to make up for the lack of a state’s police force.
Proposed new approach to justice
Crimes and Punishment (1764) argues that punishments should not be exercises in brutality
Opposed capital punishment Sets an example for barbarism “Is it not absurd, that the laws,
which punish murder, should, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit murder themselves?”
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Geneva, SwitzerlandIdeas influenced the French RevolutionThe Social Contract
Idea of the social contract: society agrees to be governed by its general will
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712 – 1778
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Considered to be founder of European and American movements for women’s rights.
Mostly self-educatedWomen equal rights as man, power over
women is wrongA Vindication of the Rights Of Women
Mary Wollstonecraft, England1759-1797
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John Wesley1703-1791, EnglandMinister, missionaryFounder of
Methodism, later the Methodist church
“Salvation comes from God”
Preached to masses of people