chapter 17 sec 2 land biomes key concept: the kinds of plants and animals that live in a biome are...
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Chapter 17 sec Chapter 17 sec 22
Land BiomesLand BiomesKey Concept: Key Concept:
The kinds of plants and The kinds of plants and animals that live in a biome animals that live in a biome are determined by the local are determined by the local
climate.climate.
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DesertsDeserts
• Very dry and often very hot biomes are called deserts.
• Plants and animals have special adaptations to live in deserts.
• For example, some plants have roots that are close to the surface, to take up water during a storm.
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• Some desert animals are only active at night, when it is cooler.
• Some animals escape the heat by burying themselves in sand.
• Other animals have adaptations such as huge ears, to help them get rid of body heat.
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ChaparralChaparral• A biome that has a fairly dry climate but
receives only a little more rainfall than a desert is called a chaparral.
• Chaparral is characterized by low-lying, broad-leaved evergreen shrubs and small trees.
• Evergreen plants are plants that keep their leaves all year round.
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• Common chaparral plants include manzanita, scrub oak, and herbs.
• These plants have leathery leaves that store water.
• Natural fires are an abiotic factor that helps maintain the chaparral.
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• During a fire, chaparral shrubs and trees are destroyed.
• After a fire, the chaparral shrubs grow back more quickly than the trees.
• Therefore, natural fires prevent trees from competing with chaparral shrubs for resources.
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• Prey animals in the chaparral are usually gray and brown, to blend in with their environment.
• Common prey animals include quail, lizards, chipmunks, and mule deer.
• Predator animals include bobcats, gray foxes, and coyotes.
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GrasslandsGrasslands• A grassland is a biome in which the
vegetation is mainly grasses, small flowering plants, and few trees.
• Grasslands are found on every continent except Antarctica.
• Grasslands can be divided into temperate grasslands and tropical grasslands.
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Prairies• In temperate
grasslands, such as prairies, the summers are warm and the winters are very cold.
• Prairie soils are rich in nutrients because of thousands of years of decomposition.
• Fires, drought, and grazing prevent growth of trees and shrubs.
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• Prairies support small seed-eating animals, including prairie dogs and mice.
• Prairie dogs and mice use camouflage and burrows to hide from predators, such as the coyote.
• Large herbivores, such as bison, live in prairies.
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Savannas• A tropical grassland
that has seasonal rains and scattered clumps of trees is called a savanna.
• Savannas are found in Africa, India, and South America.
• During the dry season, savanna grasses dry out and turn yellow.
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• But the grasses’ roots survive for many months without water.
• The African savanna is home to many large herbivores, such as elephants, giraffes, and zebras.
• Lions and leopards prey on these herbivores. Scavengers, such as hyenas, are also found in savannas.
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TundraTundra• A tundra is a biome that has very cold temperatures and little rainfall.
• Tundras can be found near the North and South Poles.
• Tundras have permafrost, a layer of soil beneath the surface soil that stays frozen year-round.
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• During the short, cool summers, only the surface soil thaws.
• Therefore, only shallow-rooted plants, such as grasses and small shrubs, can survive in the tundra.
• Mosses and lichens grow beneath these plants.
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• Plants grow in clumps and low to the ground to resist the winds and cold.
• Animals also have adaptations to the tundra.
• Some animals, such as bears, hibernate in the winter when food is hard to find. Others, such as caribou, migrate over large distances to find food.
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• Many animals also have extra fat to keep them warm.
• In summer, surface soils become muddy. Mosquitoes and other insects lay their eggs in the mud.
• Birds travel to the tundra to take advantage of summer insects.
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• Large tundra herbivores include musk oxen and caribou.
• Carnivores include wolves.
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ForestsForests• Forest biomes receive plenty of rain, and
the temperatures are not extreme.
• As in every biome, the kind of forest biome that develops depends on the climate of the biome.
• Three forest biomes are coniferous forests, temperate deciduous forests, and tropical rain forests.
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Coniferous Forests• Most of the trees in a
coniferous forest are called conifers.
• Conifers produce seeds in cones.
• Conifers also have special needle-shaped leaves covered in a thick, waxy coating.
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• These characteristics prevent water loss and protect the needles from cold damage.
• Most conifers are evergreen, which means they keep their leaves year-round.
• The ground beneath large conifers is often covered by a thick layer of needles.
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• Little light reaches the ground of a coniferous forest, so few large plants grow beneath the trees.
• Squirrels, insects, finches, chickadees, and jays are common coniferous forest omnivores.
• Herbivores, such as porcupine, elk, and moose, also live in coniferous forests.
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Temperate Deciduous Forests• Deciduous trees lose their leaves in
the fall.• Some deciduous trees shed their
leaves to save water during winter.• Others shed their leaves due to cold.
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• Leaves and other materials decompose on the forest floor and keep the soil fertile.
• Fertile soil and sunlight that reaches the forest floor allow small trees and shrubs to grow.
• Animals use different layers of the forest.
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• Black bears and rabbits live on the forest floor.
• Black bears are omnivores that eat nuts, berries, and animal material. Rabbits are herbivores that feed on plants.
• Squirrels and birds use the forest canopy, or the tops of trees.
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Tropical Rain Forests• Tropical rain forest biomes are the most diverse places on Earth.
• This means they have more plants and animals that any other biome does.
• Tropical rain forests have warm temperatures and receive a high amount of rainfall.
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• These climate conditions support a high diversity of plants.
• High plant diversity promotes high animal diversity.
• Most animals live in the canopy of a tropical rain forest.
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• Omnivores include the toucan.
• Carnivores, such as the harpy eagle, eat other animals, such as howler monkeys.
• Howler monkeys are primarily herbivores.
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• Most of the nutrients in a rain forest are in the plants.
• The soil is actually very nutrient-poor and thin.
• Because soil is thin, many trees grow above-ground roots for support.
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