Chapter 17Chapter 17

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTIONAND AND

ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT

Background to the RevolutionBackground to the Revolution In the 15In the 15thth and 16 and 16thth centuries, natural centuries, natural

philosophers began to give up their old philosophers began to give up their old views and developed new ones. They views and developed new ones. They would no longer rely on Aristotle for their would no longer rely on Aristotle for their scientific knowledgescientific knowledge

The invention of new instruments, such as The invention of new instruments, such as the telescope and the microscope, made the telescope and the microscope, made new scientific discoveries possible.new scientific discoveries possible.

The printing press helped to spread the The printing press helped to spread the ideas more quickly.ideas more quickly.

The new theories of Nicholas Copernicus, The new theories of Nicholas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton became the foundation of the Newton became the foundation of the Scientific Revolution.Scientific Revolution.

A Revolution in AstronomyA Revolution in Astronomy

Discoveries in astronomy changed how Discoveries in astronomy changed how Westerners viewed the universe.Westerners viewed the universe.

During the Middle Ages they believed in During the Middle Ages they believed in a Ptolemaic system after a Ptolemaic system after PtolemyPtolemy. This . This system is called system is called geocentricgeocentric because it because it places the Earth at the center of the places the Earth at the center of the universe.universe.

The Earth is fixed, motionless, at the The Earth is fixed, motionless, at the center of these spheres, which rotate center of these spheres, which rotate around the Earth.around the Earth.

Nicolas CopernicusNicolas Copernicus believed in a believed in a heliocentricheliocentric, or sun-centered, model , or sun-centered, model of the universe. The planets including of the universe. The planets including the Earth revolved around the sun.the Earth revolved around the sun.

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler created the laws of created the laws of planetary motion. His observations planetary motion. His observations confirmed that the Sun was the center confirmed that the Sun was the center of the universe and that the orbits of of the universe and that the orbits of the planet were elliptical not circular.the planet were elliptical not circular.

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei discovered mountains on discovered mountains on the moon, four moons revolving around the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots with the Jupiter, and sunspots with the telescope. After publishing “The Starry telescope. After publishing “The Starry Messenger”, the Church asked him to Messenger”, the Church asked him to abandon the Copernican system. This abandon the Copernican system. This new system threatened the Church’s new system threatened the Church’s view of the universe and seemed to view of the universe and seemed to contradict the Bible.contradict the Bible.

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton is considered the greatest is considered the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution. He genius of the Scientific Revolution. He defined his 3 laws of motion that govern defined his 3 laws of motion that govern both the planetary bodies and objects both the planetary bodies and objects on Earth.on Earth.

The The universal law of gravitationuniversal law of gravitation explains why the planetary bodies do explains why the planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but continue not go off in straight lines but continue in elliptical orbits around the Sun. The in elliptical orbits around the Sun. The law states that every object in the law states that every object in the universe is attracted to every other universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity. He object by a force called gravity. He created a new picture of the universe.created a new picture of the universe.

Breakthroughs in medicine and Breakthroughs in medicine and ChemistryChemistry

Andreas Vesalius Andreas Vesalius presented a careful presented a careful and accurate examination of human and accurate examination of human organs and the general structure of the organs and the general structure of the human body.human body.

William HarveyWilliam Harvey showed that the heart showed that the heart was the beginning point for the was the beginning point for the circulation of blood in the body. Proved circulation of blood in the body. Proved that the blood flows through both veins that the blood flows through both veins and arteries in a complete circuit.and arteries in a complete circuit.

Robert BoyleRobert Boyle was one of the first was one of the first scientists to conduct controlled scientists to conduct controlled experiments. experiments. Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law which states which states that the volume of a gas varies with the that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it.pressure exerted on it.

Antoine LavoisierAntoine Lavoisier invented a system of invented a system of naming the chemical elements. naming the chemical elements. Considered by many to be the founder of Considered by many to be the founder of modern chemistry.modern chemistry.

Women and the Orgins of Women and the Orgins of Modern ScienceModern Science

Margaret CavendishMargaret Cavendish one of the most one of the most prominent female scientists. She was prominent female scientists. She was critical of the belief that humans, through critical of the belief that humans, through science, were masters of nature.science, were masters of nature.

Maria Winkelmann Maria Winkelmann discovered a comet. discovered a comet. Denied a position at the Berlin Academy Denied a position at the Berlin Academy because of being a woman. because of being a woman.

Scientific work was considered to be men’s Scientific work was considered to be men’s work.work.

Descartes and ReasonDescartes and Reason Rene DescartesRene Descartes, a French philosopher , a French philosopher

wrote “Discourse on Method”. His 1wrote “Discourse on Method”. His 1stst principle was “I think, therefore I am”. principle was “I think, therefore I am”. His 2His 2ndnd principle was “the mind cannot principle was “the mind cannot be doubted but the body and material be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically world can, the two must be radically different”. Known as the Father of different”. Known as the Father of Modern Rationalism- system of thought Modern Rationalism- system of thought that is based on the belief that reason that is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.is the chief source of knowledge.

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon developed the developed the scientific scientific methodmethod is a systematic procedure for is a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. He collecting and analyzing evidence. He believed that you should use believed that you should use inductive inductive reasoningreasoning to learn about nature. to learn about nature. Systematic observations and carefully Systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test organized experiments to test hypotheses would lead to general hypotheses would lead to general principles.principles.

Section 2Section 2

Path to the EnlightenmentPath to the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was an 18The Enlightenment was an 18thth century century

philosophical movement of intellectuals that philosophical movement of intellectuals that hoped that they could make progress hoped that they could make progress towards a better society.towards a better society.

Believed that they could discover natural Believed that they could discover natural laws that govern human society.laws that govern human society.

John LockeJohn Locke believed that people were born believed that people were born with blank minds and were molded by the with blank minds and were molded by the experiences that came through their senses experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world. He believed from the surrounding world. He believed that if environments were changed and that if environments were changed and people were exposed to the right influences, people were exposed to the right influences, people could be changed and a new society people could be changed and a new society could be created.could be created.

Philosophes and Their IdeasPhilosophes and Their Ideas

PhilosophesPhilosophes were intellectuals of the were intellectuals of the Enlightenment. The purpose of philosophy Enlightenment. The purpose of philosophy was to change the world.was to change the world.

MontesquieuMontesquieu Tried to find natural laws that Tried to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships govern the social and political relationships of human beings. Discussed how the English of human beings. Discussed how the English monarchy functioned on a monarchy functioned on a separation of separation of powerspowers which prevented one person from which prevented one person from gaining too much power and provided the gaining too much power and provided the greatest freedom and security for the state. greatest freedom and security for the state. Influenced the U.S. Constitution.Influenced the U.S. Constitution.

Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) well well known for his criticism of Christianity and known for his criticism of Christianity and his strong belief in religious tolerance. his strong belief in religious tolerance. Believed in Believed in deismdeism based on reason and based on reason and natural law. In their view, a mechanic natural law. In their view, a mechanic (God) created the universe, set it in (God) created the universe, set it in motion, and allowed it run without his motion, and allowed it run without his interference, according to its own natural interference, according to its own natural laws.laws.

Denis DiderotDenis Diderot helped spread the ideas of helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment through the the Enlightenment through the “Encyclopedia”, a collection of knowledge “Encyclopedia”, a collection of knowledge on many subjects. Called for social, legal, on many subjects. Called for social, legal, and political improvements that could lead and political improvements that could lead to a more tolerant and humane society.to a more tolerant and humane society.

Toward a New Social ScienceToward a New Social Science

The Physiocrats believed in The Physiocrats believed in laissez-fairelaissez-faire meaning “let the people do what they meaning “let the people do what they want”. all society would ultimately benefit. want”. all society would ultimately benefit.

Adam SmithAdam Smith wrote “The Wealth of wrote “The Wealth of Nations”. Believed that government should Nations”. Believed that government should not interfere in economic matters. not interfere in economic matters. Government should protect society from Government should protect society from invasion, defend citizens from injustice, invasion, defend citizens from injustice, and keep up certain public works (roads & and keep up certain public works (roads & canals).canals).

By the 18By the 18thth century, most European century, most European states had developed a system of states had developed a system of courts. Punishments were cruel with courts. Punishments were cruel with the thought that it would deter crime.the thought that it would deter crime.

Cesare BeccariaCesare Beccaria believed that believed that punishments should not be cruel and punishments should not be cruel and that it did not deter people from that it did not deter people from committing crimes.committing crimes.

The Later EnlightenmentThe Later Enlightenment

Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau argued that argued that people adopted laws and government in people adopted laws and government in order to protect their property. Wrote order to protect their property. Wrote “The Social Contract” which says that “The Social Contract” which says that an entire society agrees to be govern by an entire society agrees to be govern by its general will. Sought a balance its general will. Sought a balance between emotions and reason.between emotions and reason.

Rights of WomenRights of Women

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft viewed as the viewed as the founder of the movement of women’s founder of the movement of women’s rights. She argued that if government rights. She argued that if government based on the arbitrary power of based on the arbitrary power of monarch was wrong, the power of men monarch was wrong, the power of men over women was equally wrong.over women was equally wrong.

Religion in the EnlightenmentReligion in the Enlightenment

Most European in the 18Most European in the 18thth century were century were Christians.Christians.

People sought a deeper personal People sought a deeper personal devotion to God.devotion to God.

John WesleyJohn Wesley converted people to the converted people to the faith of Methodist. Gave middle and faith of Methodist. Gave middle and lower class sense of purpose and lower class sense of purpose and community.community.

Section 3Section 3

The ArtsThe Arts

New artistic style called New artistic style called rococorococo which which emphasized grace, charm, and gentle emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action.action.

Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach and and George George Frederick HandelFrederick Handel were two musical were two musical geniuses who composed music in the geniuses who composed music in the baroque style.baroque style.

Franz Joseph Haydn and Wofgang Franz Joseph Haydn and Wofgang AmadeusAmadeus composed classical music. composed classical music.

Enlightenment and Enlightened Enlightenment and Enlightened AbsolutismAbsolutism

The philosophes believed in natural The philosophes believed in natural rights for all people: equality before the rights for all people: equality before the law, freedom of religious worship, law, freedom of religious worship, speech, press, right to assemble, hold speech, press, right to assemble, hold property, and pursue happiness.property, and pursue happiness.

Enlightened Absolutism meant that Enlightened Absolutism meant that rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal principles while maintaining their royal powers.powers.

Prussian Kings made them into a major Prussian Kings made them into a major European power in the 18European power in the 18thth century. century.

Frederick William I maintained a highly Frederick William I maintained a highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers and doubled the size of the workers and doubled the size of the army.army.

Frederick William II (Frederick the Great) Frederick William II (Frederick the Great) abolished the use of torture, except in abolished the use of torture, except in murder and treason. Granted limited murder and treason. Granted limited freedom of speech and press as well as freedom of speech and press as well as complete religious toleration. Kept complete religious toleration. Kept serfdom and the social structure of serfdom and the social structure of Prussia.Prussia.

The Austrian Empire had been one of The Austrian Empire had been one of the great European states. Difficult to the great European states. Difficult to rule due to different nationalities, rule due to different nationalities, languages, religions, and cultures. languages, religions, and cultures. Reforms upset many.Reforms upset many.

Catherine the Great ruled Russia from Catherine the Great ruled Russia from 1762-1796. Extends the Russian 1762-1796. Extends the Russian empire toward the Black Sea.empire toward the Black Sea.

The Seven Years’ WarThe Seven Years’ War

The French-Austrian rivalry was replaced by The French-Austrian rivalry was replaced by the rivalry of France and Britain over colonial the rivalry of France and Britain over colonial empires and the rivalry of Austria and Prussia empires and the rivalry of Austria and Prussia over Silesia.over Silesia.

There were now 2 major alliances in Europe: There were now 2 major alliances in Europe: France, Austria, and Russia against Britain and France, Austria, and Russia against Britain and Prussia.Prussia.

The war in Europe eventually ended in a The war in Europe eventually ended in a stalemate when Russia withdrew from the stalemate when Russia withdrew from the conflict. The war in Europe ended in 1763.conflict. The war in Europe ended in 1763.

The war continued in India and North America. The war continued in India and North America. Became known as the Great War for Empire.Became known as the Great War for Empire.

The war in India ended when the French The war in India ended when the French withdrew and left India to the British.withdrew and left India to the British.

The greatest battles occurred in North America.The greatest battles occurred in North America. The French gained the support of the Indians, The French gained the support of the Indians,

because they were traders, not settlers. They because they were traders, not settlers. They also had more troops on land, but not enough also had more troops on land, but not enough naval support. naval support.

The British defeated the French fleets and gave The British defeated the French fleets and gave them the advantage. They forced the French to them the advantage. They forced the French to make peace.make peace.

The Treaty of Paris 1763, transferred the The Treaty of Paris 1763, transferred the Canada and lands east of the Mississippi to Canada and lands east of the Mississippi to England. The Spanish transferred Florida to England. The Spanish transferred Florida to British control.British control.

Britain becomes the world’s greatest colonial Britain becomes the world’s greatest colonial power.power.

Section 4Section 4

Colonial Empires in Latin Colonial Empires in Latin AmericaAmerica

Portugal and Spain explored and settled Portugal and Spain explored and settled parts of North America, Central parts of North America, Central America, and South AmericaAmerica, and South America

A new civilization arose called Latin A new civilization arose called Latin America. It was a multiracial society.America. It was a multiracial society.

Mestizos-Mestizos- offspring of Europeans and offspring of Europeans and Native Americans.Native Americans.

MulattoesMulattoes- offspring of Africans and - offspring of Africans and Europeans.Europeans.

The Portuguese and Spanish profited from The Portuguese and Spanish profited from gold, silver, sugar, tobacco, diamonds, and gold, silver, sugar, tobacco, diamonds, and animal hides.animal hides.

Native Americans either worked on estates Native Americans either worked on estates or as poor marginal farmers.or as poor marginal farmers.

Monarchs were unable to rule effectively Monarchs were unable to rule effectively due to communication and travel due to communication and travel difficulties. difficulties.

They sought to convert the Native They sought to convert the Native Americans to Christianity. They hoped to Americans to Christianity. They hoped to teach them trades and encouraged them teach them trades and encouraged them to grow crops.to grow crops.

Britain and British North AmericaBritain and British North America

The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in 1707 when England and Scotland existence in 1707 when England and Scotland united.united.

British refers to both the English and the British refers to both the English and the Scots.Scots.

The 18The 18thth century saw the monarch and century saw the monarch and Parliament sharing power. Parliament gained Parliament sharing power. Parliament gained more power as time went on.more power as time went on.

The colonies were suppose to be governed by The colonies were suppose to be governed by the British Board of Trade, the Royal Council the British Board of Trade, the Royal Council and the Parliament. But in reality, the colonies and the Parliament. But in reality, the colonies had legislatures that tended to act on their had legislatures that tended to act on their own.own.

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

The British needed new revenues to cover The British needed new revenues to cover war costs of the Seven Years’ war and to war costs of the Seven Years’ war and to pay for the expenses of maintaining an pay for the expenses of maintaining an army to defend the colonies.army to defend the colonies.

Stamp Act of 1765 was a tax paid on legal Stamp Act of 1765 was a tax paid on legal documents and papers. Repealed in 1766.documents and papers. Repealed in 1766.

The colonies organized the First The colonies organized the First Continental Congress and they met in Continental Congress and they met in Philadelphia in 1774.Philadelphia in 1774.

Fighting between the colonists and the Fighting between the colonists and the British began in 1775 in Lexington and British began in 1775 in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts.Concord, Massachusetts.

The Second Continental Congress met and The Second Continental Congress met and formed the Continental Army naming formed the Continental Army naming George Washington as commander in George Washington as commander in chief.chief.

July 4, 1776, the Second Continental July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Congress approved the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson.Independence written by Thomas Jefferson.

The French supplied arms and money to The French supplied arms and money to the colonists and even troops.the colonists and even troops.

In 1781, the army of General Cornwallis In 1781, the army of General Cornwallis was forced to surrender to American was forced to surrender to American and French forces under Washington at and French forces under Washington at Yorktown.Yorktown.

The British ended the war and signed The British ended the war and signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783. It the Treaty of Paris in 1783. It recognized the independence of the recognized the independence of the American colonies and gave them American colonies and gave them control of the western territory from control of the western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi the Appalachians to the Mississippi River.River.

The Birth of a New NationThe Birth of a New Nation

After the American colonies gained their After the American colonies gained their independence, they were more focused independence, they were more focused on their own interests and not the others.on their own interests and not the others.

The Articles of Confederation was The Articles of Confederation was approved in 1781. It did not provide for approved in 1781. It did not provide for a strong centralized government and it a strong centralized government and it lacked the power to deal with the lacked the power to deal with the nation’s problems. In 1787, 55 delegates nation’s problems. In 1787, 55 delegates decided to scrap the Articles and write a decided to scrap the Articles and write a new plan.new plan.

The delegates created a The delegates created a federal systemfederal system which shared the power between the which shared the power between the national and state governments.national and state governments.

The national government could levy The national government could levy taxes, raise an army, regulate trade, taxes, raise an army, regulate trade, and create a national currency.and create a national currency.

The federal government was divided The federal government was divided into 3 branches: Executive (President), into 3 branches: Executive (President), Legislative (Senate and House of Legislative (Senate and House of Representatives), and the Judicial Representatives), and the Judicial (Supreme and lower courts).(Supreme and lower courts).

In 1789, the new Congress proposed 12 In 1789, the new Congress proposed 12 amendments to be added to the amendments to be added to the Constitution. 10 were approved by the Constitution. 10 were approved by the states and called the states and called the Bill of RightsBill of Rights..

It gave people the freedom of religion, It gave people the freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly, speech, press, petition, and assembly, the right to bear arms, protection from the right to bear arms, protection from unreasonable searches and arrests, unreasonable searches and arrests, guaranteed trial by jury, due process of guaranteed trial by jury, due process of law, and protection of property rights.law, and protection of property rights.