Chapter 17: Chapter 17: LeadershipLeadership

Creating Effective Creating Effective OrganizationsOrganizations

Does Leadership Does Leadership Matter?Matter? Examples from sports teams who Examples from sports teams who

change coacheschange coaches Examples from mission Examples from mission

experiencesexperiences

Career Progression and Career Progression and Skill MixSkill Mix

Entry Level

Top ManagementConceptualand Human

Relations Skills

TechnicalSkills

Skill Mixfor Success

Characteristics of Characteristics of Transactional Transactional LeadershipLeadership Establishes goals and objectivesEstablishes goals and objectives Designs work flow and delegates task Designs work flow and delegates task

assignmentsassignments Negotiates exchange of rewards for Negotiates exchange of rewards for

efforteffort Rewards performance and recognizes Rewards performance and recognizes

accomplishmentsaccomplishments Searches for deviations from Searches for deviations from

standards and takes corrective actionsstandards and takes corrective actions

Characteristics of Characteristics of Transformational Transformational LeadershipLeadership Charismatic:Charismatic: Provides vision and a sense Provides vision and a sense

of mission, gains respect and trust, of mission, gains respect and trust, instills prideinstills pride

Individualized consideration:Individualized consideration: Gives Gives personal attention, and treats each personal attention, and treats each person individually, coachesperson individually, coaches

Intellectually stimulating:Intellectually stimulating: Promotes Promotes learning, encourages rationality, uses learning, encourages rationality, uses careful problem solvingcareful problem solving

Inspirational:Inspirational: Communicates high Communicates high performance expectations, uses symbols performance expectations, uses symbols to focus efforts, distills essential purposesto focus efforts, distills essential purposes

Theories of LeadershipTheories of Leadership

1.1. TraitsTraits EffectivenessEffectiveness2.2. PowerPower EffectivenessEffectiveness3.3. BehaviorBehavior EffectivenessEffectiveness4.4. Contingency/Situational TheoriesContingency/Situational Theories

5.5. Role TheoriesRole Theories

LeaderLeader

TraitsTraits

SituationsSituations

Behavior Effectiveness.Behavior Effectiveness.

Personality Factors Most Personality Factors Most Frequently Associated with Frequently Associated with Effective LeadershipEffective LeadershipCapacityCapacity AchievemeAchieveme

ntntResponsibiResponsibilitylity

ParticipaParticipationtion

StatusStatus

IntelligencIntelligencee

ScholarshipScholarship HonestyHonesty ActivityActivity SocioeconoSocioeconomic positionmic position

AlertnessAlertness KnowledgeKnowledge DependabilityDependability SociabilitySociability PopularityPopularity

Verbal Verbal facilityfacility

Athletic Athletic accomplishmaccomplishmentent

InitiativeInitiative CooperationCooperation

OriginalityOriginality Personality Personality adjustmentadjustment

PersistencePersistence AdaptabilityAdaptability

JudgmentJudgment AggressiveneAggressivenessss

HumorHumor

Self-Self-confidenceconfidence

Desire to Desire to excelexcel

Managerial Grid—One Managerial Grid—One best way to manage—best way to manage—Be 9-9Be 9-9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Concern for People

Con

cern

for Tas

k

(1,9)(1,9)

(9,1)(9,1)

(9,9)(9,9)

(5,5)(5,5)

(1,1)(1,1)

Leadership Styles—Leadership Styles—Participative Leaders Participative Leaders are Bestare BestLikert’s System FourLikert’s System Four

– System I—Exploitive AutocraticSystem I—Exploitive Autocratic– System II—Benevolent AutocraticSystem II—Benevolent Autocratic– System III—ConsultativeSystem III—Consultative– System IV—Participative GroupSystem IV—Participative Group

Hersey and Hersey and Blanchard’Blanchard’s s Situational Situational Leadership Leadership Theory Theory Model: Model: Defining Defining Maturity Maturity and Four and Four Leadership Leadership StylesStyles

HighHigh

relationshiprelationship

Low taskLow task

High taskHigh task

HighHigh

relationshiprelationship

LowLow

relationshiprelationship

Low taskLow task

High taskHigh task

LowLow

relationshiprelationship

S1S1

S2S2S3S3

S4S4

Par

tici

pating

Del

egat

ing Telling

Selling

HighHigh

LowLow HighHighTask BehaviorTask Behavior

Rela

tion

ship

Beh

avi

or

Rela

tion

ship

Beh

avi

or Style Style

of of LeadeLeade

rr

ImmatureImmatureMatureMature

AbilityAbility

WillingnessWillingness

M1M1M2M2M3M3M4M4HighHigh ModerateModerate LowLow

This person is This person is ableable(has the necessary(has the necessaryknowledge and knowledge and skill)skill)This person is This person is willingwilling(has the necessary (has the necessary confidence and confidence and commitment)commitment)

Maturity of FollowersMaturity of Followers

Psychological maturityPsychological maturity

Job maturityJob maturity

A great dealA great deal44

Quite a bitQuite a bit33

SomeSome22

LittleLittle11

UsuallyUsually44

OftenOften33

On occasionOn occasion22

SeldomSeldom11

Source: Hersey and Blanchard. Source: Hersey and Blanchard. Management of Organizational Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources, 4Resources, 4thth ed., ©1982, p. 152. ed., ©1982, p. 152. Adapted by permission of Adapted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Cliffs, NJ.

Roles of Effective Roles of Effective LeadersLeaders

1.1. Systems ThinkersSystems Thinkers

2.2. Organization DesignersOrganization Designers

3.3. Stewards (Share vision and Stewards (Share vision and purpose)purpose)

4.4. Creators of Creative TensionCreators of Creative Tension

5.5. TeachersTeachers

Source: Peter Senge, 1990Source: Peter Senge, 1990

Key Findings from Key Findings from Leadership Theory Leadership Theory Transformational leaders inspire higher Transformational leaders inspire higher

performance than do transactional leadersperformance than do transactional leaders Effective leaders must be concerned about Effective leaders must be concerned about

accomplishing the task and relationshipsaccomplishing the task and relationships Effective leaders know when to tell, sell, Effective leaders know when to tell, sell,

participate, or delegateparticipate, or delegate Effective leaders understand mission and Effective leaders understand mission and

strategy, know how to implement change, strategy, know how to implement change, motivate employees to high performance, and motivate employees to high performance, and teach effectivelyteach effectively

Effective leaders lead by example and are Effective leaders lead by example and are honest and fair. They inspire confidence.honest and fair. They inspire confidence.