chapter 17 food and agricultureamcintoshmphs.weebly.com/.../0/23304808/chapter_15.pdf · •...
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Chapter 15 Food and Agriculture
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Section 1: Feeding the World
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Famine: Malnutrition:
• Widespread starvation caused by a shortage of food.
• In 1985, drought , erosion, and war caused a sever famine in Ethiopia.
• About 800 million people are undernourished each day.
• A condition that occurs when people do not consume enough Calories (food energy) or do not eat a sufficient variety of foods to fulfill all of the body’s needs.
• Occurs because of poverty, war, and transportation issues.
• Many forms of malnutrition.
• Protein-energy malnutrition results, affecting the normal physical and mental development of children.
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Sources of Nutrition • Diet: The type and amount
Of food that a person eats.
• A healthy diet is one that maintains a balance of the right amount of nutrients, minerals, and vitamins.
• In most parts of the world, people eat large amounts of food that are high in carbohydrates - like rice, potatoes, and bread.
• The food produced in the greatest quantity around the world is grains (rich in carbohydrates).
• Besides grains, people eat fruits, vegetables, and smaller amounts of meats, nuts, and other foods that are rich in fats and proteins.
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Available calorie supply per person/per day
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Food Efficiency: Yield:
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•A measure of the quantity of food produced on a given area of land with limited inputs of energy and resources. •An ideal food crop is one that efficiently produces a large amount of food with little negative impact on the environment.
•The amount of food that can be produced in a given area. •Researchers are interested in organisms that can thrive in various climates and that do not require large amounts of fertilizer, pesticides, or fresh water.
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Facts About Food To raise crops:
• Requires less water, less energy, and less land than raising animals.
• More efficient to raise plants for food – this is why diets around the world are largely based on plants.
• The human body depends of food to build and maintain body tissue.
To raise animals:
• Animals used as food are fed plants.
• They only store 10 % of the energy from the plants – the rest is used to survive.
• Meats provide high levels of nutrients.
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Subsistence farmers: Poverty: • Farmers who grow only
enough food for local use.
• They work tiny plots of land trying provide enough food for their family and a little left over to sell.
8 • The state or condition of
having little or no money, goods, or means of support; condition of being poor.
• Malnutrition generally occurs because of poverty.
• Most are usually farm workers or subsistence farmers.
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Green Revolution • Introduced new crop varieties with
increased yields through the application of modern agricultural techniques.
• Between 1950 and 1970, Mexico increased its production of wheat eight-fold and India doubled its production of rice without increasing the area of farmland used.
Negative Impacts: • Costly to purchase seeds
• Soil degradation
• Overuse of water, pesticides, and fertilizers.
Future of Crops:
• Major research today is devoted to developing plant varieties that produce high yields of nutritious food on poor soil, using as little water and expensive chemicals as possible.
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Section 2: Crops and Soil
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Soil Layers • Surface Liter: fallen leaves and
partially decomposed organic matter
• Topsoil: organic matter, living organisms, and rock particles
• Zone of leaching: dissolved or suspended materials moving downward
• Subsoil: larger rock particles with organic matter, and inorganic compounds
• Rock particles: rock that has undergone weathering
• Bedrock: solid rock layer 12
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Arable Land: Top Soil: • Soil that can support the growth of
healthy plants is called fertile soil.
• Plant roots grow in topsoil.
• Topsoil is the surface layer of the soil.
• Usually richer in organic matter than subsoil.
• Fertile topsoil is composed of: living organisms, rock particles, water, air, organic matter, and decomposing organisms.
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• Land that can be used to grow crops.
• About 10 % of the Earth’s surface is arable land.
• About 3 % of Earth’s surface is urban areas – and growing.
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Agriculture: Traditional v’s Modern **Basic processes of farming include: plowing, fertilization, irrigation, and pest control
Traditional Agriculture:
• Plows are pushed by farmers or pulled by livestock.
• Plowing helps crops grow by mixing soil nutrients, loosening soil particles, and uprooting weeds.
• Organic fertilizers are used (manure)
• Irrigated by water lowing through ditches.
• Weeds removed by hand/machine.
Modern: (industrialized countries)
• Plowing done by machinery (burns fossil fuels)
• Harvest by machinery.
• Synthetic chemical used as fertilizers.
• Overhead sprinklers/drip systems used to irrigation.
• Synthetic chemicals used as pest control.
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Erosion: Desertification: • The movement of rock and
soil by wind and water.
• Washes into nearby rivers or is blown away in clouds of dust.
• In US – about ½ the original topsoil has been lost to erosion in the past 200 years.
• The process by which land in arid or semiarid areas becomes more desert like.
• Has happened as a result of land degradation.
• Land degradation: when human activity or natural processes damage the land so that it can no longer support the local ecosystem.
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Contour Plowing: No-till Farming: • Form of soil conservation to
save topsoil.
• Includes plowing across the slope of a hill instead of up and down the slope.
• In traditional farming – after harvest – the soil is plowed to turn it over and bury the remains.
• No-till farming: a crop is harvested without turning over the soil.
• Seeds of the next crop are planted among the remains of the previous crop.
• Previous crop holds soil in place.
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Compost: Salinization: • Partly decomposed organic
material.
• Used to enrich soil.
• Comes from many sources: cow manure, yard waste, crop waste
• The accumulation of salts in the soil.
• Major problem in places such as California and Arizona (low rainfall and naturally salty soil)
• Irrigation comes from rivers and groundwater – which is naturally saltier than rainwater.
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Pesticides: Pesticide Resistance:
• Chemicals used to kill insects, weeds, and other crop pests.
• Can harm beneficial plants and insects, wildlife, and even people.
• Major crop pest: weeds, insects, and fungi
• The ability to survive exposure to a particular pesticide.
• More than 500 species of insects have developed resistance to pesticides since the 1940s.
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Biological pest Control: the use of living organisms to
control pests.
• Pathogens: Organisms that cause disease. Most common: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Used to kill the caterpillars of moths and butterflies.
• Plant Defenses: Bred into plants. Can be resistant to fungi, worms, and viruses. Include: chemical compounds that repel pests and physical barriers like tougher skin.
• Chemicals from Plants: Uses the plants’ defensive chemicals. Used mostly in home use insect sprays – because they are less harmful to people/pets.
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Disrupting Insect Breeding Growth Regulator: • A chemical that interferes
with some stage of a pest’s life cycle.
• Ex. : Once a month dog flea treatments (stops flea eggs from developing)
Pheromones:
• Chemicals produced by one organism that influence the behavior of another organism.
• Can also be used in pest control.
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Integrated pest management:
**It is a modern method of controlling pests on crops.
**The goal is to reduce pest damage to a level that causes minimal economic damage.
Includes:
• Chemical pest control
• Biological pest control
• Mix of farming methods
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Genetic Engineering: Sustainable Agriculture:
• The technology in which genetic material in a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use.
• Involves isolating genes from one organism and implanting them into another.
• It is a faster way of to produce the same results as plant breeding.
• Also known as low-input farming.
• Farming that conserves natural resources and helps keep the land productive indefinitely.
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Section3: Animals and Agriculture
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Overharvesting: Aquaculture: • Catching or removing from a
population more organisms than the population can replace.
• Governments have created no-fishing zones to lessen overharvesting.
• The raising of aquatic organisms for human use or consumption.
• Probably began in China about 4,000 years ago.
• Today – China leads the world in using aquaculture.
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Livestock: Domesticated Animals: • Domestic animals that are
raised to be used on a farm or ranch or to be sold for profit.
• Livestock farms produce most meat that is consumed in developed countries.
• Ex: chickens, sheep, cattle, pigs
• Animals that have been bred and managed for human use.
• About 50 animals species have been domesticated.
• In India – has about 1/5 of the world’s population of cattle. Many are never killed or eaten – because they are sacred.
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Ruminants: Poultry:
• Cud-chewing mammals that have three or four chambered stomachs.
• Ex: cattle, sheep, goats
• Cud is the food these animals regurgitate from the 1st chamber of their stomachs and chew again to aid digestion.
• Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs.
• Are good sources of essential amino acids.
• Ex: chickens, turkeys
• Since 1961, the population of chickens worldwide has increased more than any other livestock.
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