chapter 17 electric energy and capacitance. work and potential energy for a uniform field between...
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Chapter 17
Electric Energyand
Capacitance
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Work and Potential Energy For a uniform field
between the two plates
As the charge moves from A to B, work is done in it
W = F d= q E d ΔPE = - W = - q E d
only for a uniform field
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Summary of Positive Charge Movements and Energy
When a positive charge is placed in an electric field It moves in the direction of the field It moves from a point of higher
potential to a point of lower potential Its electrical potential energy
decreases Its kinetic energy increases
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Summary of Negative Charge Movements and Energy
When a negative charge is placed in an electric field It moves opposite to the direction of
the field It moves from a point of lower potential
to a point of higher potential Its electrical potential energy
decreases Its kinetic energy increases
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Potential Difference
ΔPE = - W = - q E dThe potential difference between
points A and B is defined as: ΔV = VB – VA = ΔPE / q =-Ed
Potential difference is not the same as potential energy
1V is defined as 1 J/C 1 Joule of work must be done to move a 1C
across1V potential difference
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Electric Potential of a Point Charge
The point of zero electric potential is taken to be at an infinite distance from the charge
The potential created by a point charge q at any distance r from the charge is
V is scalar Quantity (superposition applies)
A potential exists at some point in space whether or not there is a test charge at that point
r
qkV e
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Potentials and Charged Conductors W = -ΔPE = -q(VB – VA),
Therefore no work is required to move a charge between two points that are at the same electric potential i.e. W = 0 when VA = VB
For two charges separated by rPE = ke q1q2
r Charged Surfaces and Conductors All points on the surface of a charged
conductor in electrostatic equilibrium are at the same potential
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The Electron Volt The electron volt (eV) is defined as the
energy that an electron (or proton) gains when accelerated through a potential difference of 1 V Electrons in normal atoms have energies of
10’s of eV Excited electrons have energies of 1000’s of
eV High energy gamma rays have energies of
millions of eV 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
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Equipotential Surfaces
An equipotential surface is a surface on which all points are at the same potential No work is required to move a charge
at a constant speed on an equipotential surface
The electric field at every point on an equipotential surface is perpendicular to the surface
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Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field
An equipotential surface is a surface on which the electric potential is the same everywhere.
r
kqV
The net electric force does no work on a charge as it moves on an equipotential surface.
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Equipotentials and Electric Fields Lines -- Positive Charge
The equipotentials for a point charge are a family of spheres centered on the point charge
The field lines are perpendicular to the electric potential at all points
W = -ΔPE = -q(VB – VA),
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Equipotentials and Electric Fields Lines -- Dipole
Equipotential lines are shown in blue
Electric field lines are shown in red
The field lines are perpendicular to the equipotential lines at all points
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Application – Electrostatic Precipitator It is used to remove
particulate matter from combustion gases
Reduces air pollution Can eliminate
approximately 90% by mass of the ash and dust from smoke
Application – Electrostatic Air Cleaner
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The Xerographic Process
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17.2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field
Work is charge multiplied by potential:
Work is also force multiplied by distance:
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17.2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field
Solving for the field,
(17-4b)
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Capacitors with Dielectrics
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Capacitance A capacitor is a device used in a variety
of electric circuits—Often for energy storage
Units: Farad (F) 1 F = 1 C / V A Farad is very large
Often will see µF or pF
V
QC
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Parallel-Plate Capacitor
The capacitance of a device depends on the geometric arrangement of the conductors
For a parallel-plate capacitor whose plates are separated by air:
Єo is the permittivity of free space; Єo =8.85 x 10-12 C2/Nm2
d
AC o
K Є
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17.8 Dielectrics
Dielectric strength is the maximum field a dielectric can experience without breaking down.
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17.8 Dielectrics
The molecules in a dielectric tend to become oriented in a way that reduces the external field.
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Applications of Capacitors – Camera Flash The flash attachment on a camera
uses a capacitor A battery is used to charge the
capacitor The energy stored in the capacitor is
released when the button is pushed to take a picture
The charge is delivered very quickly, illuminating the subject when more light is needed
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Applications of Capacitors -- Computers
Computers use capacitors in many ways
Some keyboards use capacitors at the bases of the keys
When the key is pressed, the capacitor spacing decreases and the capacitance increases
The key is recognized by the change in capacitance
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Capacitors in Parallel(have the same voltage across them)
Q1 = C1ΔV Q2 = C2ΔV
Q1 + Q2 = Qtot = C1ΔV + C2ΔV
= (C1+ C2)ΔV
for capacitors in parallel Ceq= C1+ C2
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Capacitors in Series (have the same charge on each plate)
ΔV = Q Ceq
ΔVtot = ΔV1 + ΔV2
Q = Q1 + Q2
Ceq C1 C2
But Q=Q1= Q2
for capacitors in series
1 = 1 + 1Ceq C1 C2 Ex. 16.6 & 7 p. 515
Ceq = C1C2
C1 + C2
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Energy Stored in a Capacitor Energy stored = ½ Q ΔV From the definition of capacitance,
this can be rewritten in different forms
C2
QVC
2
1VQ
2
1Energy
22
Q = CV
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Chapter 15 Summary
2r
Qk
q
FE e
o
2
21e r
qqkF
ke is called the Coulomb Constantke = 8.99 x 109 N m2/C2
εo is the permittivity of free space and equals 8.85 x 10-12 C2/Nm2o
E
Q
ΦE = E A A is perpendicular to E
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Chapter 16 Summary
V
QC
C2
QVC
2
1VQ
2
1Energy
22
Q = CV
capacitors in series 1 = 1 + 1 . . . . Ceq C1 C2
capacitors in parallel Ceq= C1+ C2 . . . .
Ceq = C1C2
C1 + C2
or
d
AC oK Є
Єo is the permittivity of free space; Єo =8.85 x 10-12 C2/Nm2
1 F = 1 C / V
r
qkV ePE = ke q1q2
r W = -ΔPE = -q(VB – VA)