Chapter 17- APUSH

Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy

““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny” First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845.

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us

for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of

growth."

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us

for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of

growth." A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

““American American Progress” Progress”

by John by John Gast, 1872Gast, 1872

““American American Progress” Progress”

by John by John Gast, 1872Gast, 1872

Expansion in Texas

• Gone to Texas- Why?

- Land(Real estate deal- original 300)- Mexicans asked for settlers (Tejanos)

- Needed to become Catholic

• Known as "The Father of Texas," Stephen F. Austin established the first Anglo-American colony in the Tejas province of Mexico and saw it grow into an independent republic.

• His father, Moses Austin, received approval to settle 300 American families on 200,000 acres; he died before he could accomplish this, but his son, Stephen, did it for him.

Stephen F. Austin (1793-1836)

Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836

Sam Houston(1793-1863)Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Stephen Austin(1793-1836)

Stephen Austin(1793-1836)

Sam Houston

took control of the Texas forces after the fall of the Alamo and Goliad, and conducted the retreat of the army to the site of the Battle of San Jacinto

April 21, 1836, defeated Santa Anna and secured Texas long-sought independence.

elected the first President of the Republic of Texas

After statehood in 1845, Houston was elected Senator from Texas to the Congress of the United States.

Still later, in 1859, Houston was elected to serve as Governor of the State of Texas

Davy Crockett

With his death at the Alamo, a

willing sacrifice to Texas’ freedom, Crockett became a mythic figure

Crockett is the quintessential frontiersman, the inspiration for the American image of the “hunter-hero,” a symbol of the “Age of Common Man,” a martyr for the cause of America's Manifest Destiny and a celebrity of popular culture

"You may all go to hell, and I will go to Texas."--David Crockett to former constituents, 1835

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of TexasThe Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!

Battle of the Alamo

Jim Bowie at the Alamo

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo

The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

Meanwhile…..

-Despite the win, the 13-day holdout stalled the Mexican Army's progress and allowed Sam Houston to gather troops and supplies for his later success at the Battle of San Jacinto. -The Texan revolutionaries went on to win the war for their independence.

WHIGS William Henry Harrison

WHIGS John Tyler, VP

“His Accidency”Harrison's death left Tyler, the federal government, and the American nation briefly confused on the process of succession. It was not until 1967, that Tyler's action of assuming full powers of the presidency was legally codified in the Twenty-fifth Amendment.

“His Accidency”• Tyler and his cabinet- He quickly found

himself at odds with his former political supporters. Harrison had been expected to adhere closely to Whig Party policies and work closely with Whig leaders, particularly Henry Clay.

• Tyler shocked Congressional Whigs by vetoing virtually the entire Whig agenda, twice vetoing Clay's legislation for a national banking act following the Panic of 1837 and leaving the government deadlocked.

• Tyler was officially expelled from the Whig Party in 1841, a few months after taking office, and became known as "the man without a party." The entire cabinet he had inherited from Harrison resigned in September, aside from Daniel Webster, Secretary of State

“His Accidency”

The Webster-Ashburton Treaty, signed August 9, 1842, settled the dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border between the United States and Canada, then a colony of Britain.• It also established the details of the border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods, originally defined in the Treaty of Paris (1783)• reaffirmed the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains ( originally defined in the Treaty of 1818)• called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, to be enforced by both signatories• agreed on terms for shared use of the Great Lakes.

Maine Boundary Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Settlement, 1842Maine Boundary Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Settlement, 1842

“His Accidency”• Annexation of Texas• Tyler advocated annexation of Texas to the

Union.

• Whigs opposed this expansion because it would upset the balance between North and South and risked war with Mexico.

• However the Whigs lost the 1844 election to James K. Polk, who favored annexation.

• When the Senate blocked a treaty (which needed a 2/3 vote), Tyler pushed Congress to annex Texas through an adopted joint resolution.

• On March 3, Tyler sent instructions to his representative in Texas, Andrew Jackson Donelson, to announce the annexation. The next day, he left office

Dems --> James Knox Polk

Whigs Henry Clay

Liberty Party James Birney

The Oregon Controversy

• British claims through fur trade, occupation, and treaties with the U.S.

• American claims through exploration and settlers in the Willamette River Valley

• Joint occupation agreed to in Treaty of 1818

• By 1846, nearly 5,000 Americans had caught “Oregon Fever” and moved into the region south of the Columbia River

“Texas Coming In”

Texas (the beast): I fear I cannot carry you into the Presidential Chair.

Polk: Dear Texas, I knew you cannot—I wish I had rode some

other horse but it is too late to repent.

1844 Election Results

1. Lower the tariff.

2. Resolve the Oregon boundarydispute.

3. Restore the independent treasury.

4. Acquire California.

Goals of Polk’s Administration

Goals of Polk’s Administration• 1. Lower the tariff

– Walker Tariff of 1846 lowers the rate from 32% to 25%- excellent revenue producer because of increase imports and a revived economy after the Panic of 1837

• 3. Restore the independent treasury- done in 1846 despite opposition from pro-Bank Whigs

Goals of Polk’s Administration

• 2. Resolve the Oregon boundary dispute– Proposes compromise line of 49th

Parallel and gets shot down– The British began to feel the Columbia

River was not the “St. Lawrence” of the West, and proposed the 49th Parallel line themselves in early 1846. The Senate approved the offer.

MEXICAN - AMERICAN WAR: CausesMEXICAN - AMERICAN WAR: Causes Election of 1844Election of 1844 James K. PolkJames K. Polk

Annexation of Texas, 1845Annexation of Texas, 1845 $3 million in claims for damages $3 million in claims for damages

against the Mexican government against the Mexican government by U.S. citizensby U.S. citizens

Texas boundary disputeTexas boundary disputeNueces RiverNueces River

Rio Grande River Rio Grande River

Rumor that the British were Rumor that the British were trying to buy Californiatrying to buy California

The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.

Slidell authorized to offer a maximum of $25 million for California, and what is now Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.

US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.

Slidell authorized to offer a maximum of $25 million for California, and what is now Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico

John SlidellJohn Slidell

The Beginning of the Mexican WarThe Beginning of the Mexican War Polk orders Zachary Taylor’s forces to march

from the Nueces to the Rio Grande in January 1846.

When no fighting occurred, Polk informs his cabinet on May 9 that he will ask Congress to declare war based on unpaid claims and Slidell’s rejection

That night, word arrives that two weeks before this, Mexican troops had attacked Taylor’s men, killing or wounding 16.

War Fever in AmericaWar Fever in America

Were Americans responsible for starting the war? At best, we provoked a Mexican response.

Abraham Lincoln, a Whig Congressman from Illinois, introduced the “Spot Resolutions” demanding to know where on American soil that American blood had been spilled

Even the anti-slavery Whigs were forced to join in the war fever sweeping America

The Battles of the Mexican WarThe Battles of the Mexican War Americans let Santa Anna back into Mexico believing

he would sell out his country; instead he leads a desperate defense of Mexican soil

Captain John C. Fremont leads the Bear Flag Revolt, and overthrows Mexican rule in northern California

Zachary Taylor fights across the Rio Grande and at Buena Vista repels Santa Anna’s force of 20,000 with only 5,000 men. “Hero of Buena Vista”

The Battles of the Mexican WarThe Battles of the Mexican War

General Winfield Scott lands at Vera Cruz in early 1847 and fights all the way to Mexico City in one of the most successful campaigns in American history

The Mexican-American WarThe Mexican-American War

Results of the War:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848

Results of the War:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848

Territory to U.S. Texas boundary U.S. paid Mexico $15 Million

plus claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico (~$3.5M)

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

Results of the Mexican WarResults of the Mexican War1.1. Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of (mostly of

disease).disease).

2.2. U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +)Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +)

3.3. The new territories brought into the Union forced the ex-The new territories brought into the Union forced the ex-plosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national plosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.politics. These new territories would upset the balance of power These new territories would upset the balance of power

between North and South. between North and South.

4.4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5.5. ““Manifest Destiny” ?Manifest Destiny” ?

1.1. Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+ American lives (mostly of (mostly of disease).disease).

2.2. U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land U.S. added over 1 million square miles of land Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +)Present-day TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT, +)

3.3. The new territories brought into the Union forced the ex-The new territories brought into the Union forced the ex-plosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national plosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.politics. These new territories would upset the balance of power These new territories would upset the balance of power

between North and South. between North and South.

4.4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5.5. ““Manifest Destiny” ?Manifest Destiny” ?

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, Provided, territory from that, as an as an express and fundamental condition to express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United StatesMexico by the United States, by virtue , by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, appropriated, neither slavery nor neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territoryin any part of said territory, except for , except for crime, whereof the party shall first be crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.duly convicted.

Provided, territory from that, Provided, territory from that, as an as an express and fundamental condition to express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United StatesMexico by the United States, by virtue , by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, appropriated, neither slavery nor neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territoryin any part of said territory, except for , except for crime, whereof the party shall first be crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.duly convicted.

Rep. David WilmotRep. David Wilmot(D-PA)(D-PA)

Rep. David WilmotRep. David Wilmot(D-PA)(D-PA)

Proposed shortly after war broke out in 1846

Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth CenturyTerritorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth Century