chapter 17 an outpouring of creativity that began in the 1300’s and changed the course of western...
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Chapter 17
Renaissance & Reformation
An outpouring of creativity that began in the 1300’s and changed the course of Western
Civilization.
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Rebirth of thoughtAncient Greek & Roman traditions &
teachingsArchitecture, science & medicineEducation, Philosophy & Government Art & Literature
How do you think?Critical approach – question everything!Why the humanities are important
Grammar, Literature & HistoryHow do we get better?
What was the Renaissance?
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Where did it start?Italy 1300’s
Why Italy?Ancient ruins reminded
Italians of greatnessGeographyWealthNew cultures means
new informationAsia, Africa & the
ByzantineThirst for knowledge
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Economic InfluenceTrade & Industry
Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome & Venice
Citizens were wealthy and educated
Wealthy Merchants & bankers
Wealthy became patrons of the Arts
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Renaissance Thought
Renaissance
Thought
Admiration for
Individual Achieveme
nt
Supporting the Arts
Education Important/Critical
Approach
Should Lead a
Meaningful Life
Belief in
Human Dignity
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1st Clash of Science & Religion
Catholic Church dominated
Was a major stabilizing force
Control aspects of daily life
Birth, Marriage, Death
More people educated = more conflict
between science & religion
Do not have to depend on Church’s
teachings
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Renaissance Art & ArtistsMedieval vs.
RenaissancePerspective: brought
realism to paintingsDepth on canvas –
distanceDa Vinci – 1452-1519
Architect, engineer, painter, sculptor & scientist
Renaissance ManUsed science in
paintingsLast Supper & Mona
Lisa
Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael
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Northern RenaissanceCopying books:
Chinese Block and Word prints
Used to copy worksReplaced Hand copying
Johannes Gutenberg – 1450Printing press (Mainz,
Germany)Used to print entire books1st was BibleSpread throughout Europe –
spread ideas and educationBooks become cheaper
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Beginnings of ProtestantismReformation:
religious revolution in western Europe
Income connected to salvation
Indulgences: pardons for punishment from sinOriginally a rewardGerman states: no
restriction to sale of indulgences
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Martin LutherMonk Revelation: good
deeds don’t matterInner faith in God
only thing that matters
“Justification by grace through faith”
95 Theses – 1517Public challenge of
indulgences
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Major issues with the ChurchBible is sole religious authorityCeremonies could not make up for sinsPopes & Bishops could not tell people
what to believePriests no role in salvation
1520: Pope Leo X declares Luther a hereticExcommunicated
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Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor)
Orders a trial in 1521
Diet of Worms: Luther an outlaw
Banned printing and sale of his works
Frederick the Wise (German Prince)
Hides Luther
Luther translates Bible to German
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Spread quickly – German princes establish Lutheran statesCharles V: 1546 sent
armies against Protestant princes
Peace of Augsberg 1555:German rulers could
establish any religion for their state
Subjects didn’t like it they could move
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New Sects DevelopNew religious groups – no organized
churchesNo authority, discipline, membership or
rulesGathering of like minded individuals
w/preacher
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New ReligionsAnglican Church –
England Henry VIIIEngland leaves church
b/c Henry wants a divorce
Parliament passes new church of England – King as the head
Married 6 times – 1 surviving son Edward VI (dies young)
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John Calvin – Switzerland1536 – The Institutes of the Christian
ReligionFaith in the BiblePredestination – God already decided who
will be saved“The elect” – community followed highest
moral standardsGeneva – theocracy: government ruled by
religious with god’s authorityOutlaw on Vices
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The Spread of CalvinismHugenot:
French nobility that converted to Calvinism
1/3 became CalvinistsCivil War – Hugenots vs.
Catholics 15621598 Henry IV – Edicts of
NantesFreedom of worship /
political rightsPuritanism – form of
Calvinism
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The Counter-ReformationCounter (Catholic)
ReformationAttempt to return the church
to emphasizing spiritualityClarify church doctrineCampaign to stop
ProtestantismPope Paul III 1534-1549
Inquisition – question “heretics”
Keep Catholics in the churchPope Paul IV
Index of Forbidden BooksBooks that were harmful to
faith and morals
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Council of Trent1545 Church Leaders meet in Trent
Met during 3 periods from 1545 – 1563End abuses of indulgencesDiscipline within the clergyEmphasized the need for ceremoniesSalvation comes from ceremonies & faithPeople must depend on priests because God
grants forgiveness through the churchEvery person has free will
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Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)Ignatius de Loyola –
founder 15341540 Pope Paul III
recognizes Jesuits as an official order
Most effective in spreading Catholicism
Stressed education – Founded Schools
Combined humanist values w/Catholic doctrine
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Results of Religious Upheavals
1530’s – mid 1600’sReligious wars in France, Germany,
Netherlands & SwitzerlandInterest in Education
Jesuits - schoolsProtestants study the bibleReading and literacy
Governmental Power IncreasesRulers took responsibility Papal powers decreased