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Chapter 16.2

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What we know so far Matter is made of atoms

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Atoms are submicroscopic

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Matter exists in phases Solid

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Liquid

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Gas

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In the SOLID phase Particles are attracted to one another Held together in a tightly packed and fixed 3-d arrangement

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Microscopic View of a Solid The atoms vibrate but stay close to one another Solids maintain their shape and volume Not easily compressible

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Intereactive 3-D Diamond Molecule

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Snowflake Ice Interactive Ice Molecule

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In the LIQUID phase Particles can move and slide across one another Can assume the shape of their container

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Microscopic View of a Liquid The atoms vibrate and particles can flow easily past one another Liquids assume the shape of their container

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Liquids Particles in liquids flow easily across one another

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Liquids take the shape of their containers

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In the GASEOUS PHASE The atoms are moving rapidly, and easily across one another. Lots of free space between the particles They assume the shape of their container.

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Microscopic View of a Gas The atoms are moving rapidly, and easily across one another. Lots of free space between the particles Compressible

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Gases Conform to the shape of their containers Easily compressed

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Gases Particles easily flow and move over one another

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Lets Review YouTube - States of Matter

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Phase Changes Chapter 16.3

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Substances can change phases GasesLiquidsSolidsLiquids

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Substances can change phases GasesLiquidsSolidsLiquids Condensation Freezing Evaporation Melting

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Substances can change phases GAS SOLID Sublimation

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Changing Phases

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Water Cycle Hydrologic Cycle

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Boiling on the atomic level CLICK The Beaker

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Boiling Point CLICK The Beaker

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Heat of Vaporization The amount of energy required to change a liquid to a gas (and vice versa). 2256J/g

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Heat of Fusion The amount of energy needed to change any substance from solid to liquid ( and vice versa) Water = 334J/g

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Chapter 16.4

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Physical Properties Describe the look or feel of a substance Density Texture Phase

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Every substance has its own set of physical properties

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Physical Properties CAN Change However The substances identity remains the same SolidGasLiquid

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Chemical Properties Characterize the ability of a substance to react with other substances, or to transform from one substance to another.

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How Substances React or Transform

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Chemical Changes Change how atoms are Chemically bonded to one another.

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When we cook with gas..

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Take another look CH 4 + 2 O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O Chemical Reaction

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During a chemical reaction Changes are made in the way atoms bond together New materials are formed CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O

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Chapter 16.6

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Remember.. Periodic table is a listing of all the known elements Atomic number Symbol Atomic Mass He 2 4.003

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The way the table is organized tells a lot about the elements properties

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Metals are on the left side of the periodic table

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Most of the known elements are metals Malleable Can be hammered and bent into different shapes without breaking

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Most of the known elements are metals Ductile Can be drawn into thin wires

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Most of the known elements are metals Good Conductors Heat Electricity Most solid at room temperature

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Non-metals are on the right side of the periodic table

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Non-Metals Poor conductors Not malleable Not ductile Can be solid, liquid or gas at room temperature Shatter when hammered Brittle

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Metalloids

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B - Boron Si - Silicon Ge - Germanium As - Arsenic Sb - Antimony Te - Tellurium

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Metalloids Have both metallic and nonmetallic properties

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Metalloids Weak conductors Semi- conductors

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Across a period properties gradually change Periodic Trend

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Smaller Easily lose e- Larger Do not easily lose e-

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Columns have remarkably similar properties

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The elements are grouped or in families

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Element Families/Grouops

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Inner Transition Metals

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Chapter 16.7

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Elements are made of atoms The element gold ( Au) is made entirely of gold atoms

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The element silver (Ag) is made entirely of silver atoms

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The element neon, Ne, is composed entirely of neon atoms

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Elemental Formula A notation that uses the atomic symbol and sometimes a numerical subscript to show how atoms of an element are bonded together. confused?

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Elemental Formula Tell you how the atoms of an element are arranged. take a look

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Elemental Gold The smallest unit of the element gold, as it occurs in nature, is the gold atom itself. Use the elements symbol Au

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The smallest unit of the element silver is the silver atom itself Use the symbol Ag Elemental Silver

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The smallest unit of the element nitrogen is a nitrogen molecule Use the symbol and subscript numbers Elemental Nitrogen N2N2

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The smallest unit of the element oxygen is an oxygen molecule Use the symbol and subscript numbers Elemental Oxygen O2O2

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The smallest unit of the element sulfur is a sulfur molecule Use the symbol and subscript numbers Elemental Sulfur S8S8

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Compound Material composed of different elements bonded to each other

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Compounds Salt NaCl Sodium chloride

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Chemical formula Salt NaCl Sodium chloride

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Chemical formula Water H 2 O water

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Chemical formula Ammonia NH3 ammonia N H H H

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Compounds have their own identities and properties

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Chapter 16.8

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IUPAC International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Developed a chemical naming system Name reflects the elements a compound contains How the elements are combined

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3 Basic Guidelines #1 The name of the element farthest to the left on the periodic table is followed by the name of the element father to the right, with the suffix -ide added to the latter.

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Examples of Guideline #1 NaCl - Sodium chloride Li 2 O - Lithium oxide CaF 2 - Calcium fluoride The name of the element farthest to the left on the periodic table is followed by the name of the element father to the right, with the suffix -ide added to the latter. HCl - Hydrogen chloride MgO - Magnesium oxide Sr 3 P 2 - Strontium phosphide

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3 Basic Guidelines #2 Use prefixes to designate numbers of elements in compounds Mono-one Di two Tri - three

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Examples of Guideline #2 Carbon & Oxygen Nitrogen & Oxygen CO Carbon monoxide CO 2 Carbon dioxide NO2 Nitrogen dioxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide

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Try this sulfur & oxygen example.. SO 2 SO 3 Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide

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3 Basic Guidelines #3 Many compounds have common names

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Examples of Guideline #3 H2OH2O CH 4 Dihydrogen monoxide ? Water Carbon tetrahydride? Methane

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You completed Chapter 16! Congratulations!