chapter 16: world war ii 1 chapter 17. isolationism international conflicts in mid 1930s most...
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CHAPTER 16: WORLD WAR II
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ISOLATIONISM • International conflicts in mid 1930s
• Most Americans do not want to be involved
• 1928 – U.S. had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact -> signed by 62 nations -> war will not be used -> no plan to enforce it
• Thomas Jefferson had warned of “entangling alliances” or being involved in the affairs of other countries
• Many Americans were fearful of all foreign elements
• Jews
• Catholics
• immigrants
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AMERICANS WERE UPSET ABOUT WWI• Books are published stating the U.S. had been dragged into war by greedy bankers and
weapons manufacturers
• Congressional committee led by Senator Gerald Nye -> shows large profits made during WWI
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QUESTION• What factors contributed to Americans’ growing isolationism?
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ANSWER• Large profits had been made by banks and weapon industry during WWI
• Bitter about being in that war
• Hatred of the military
•
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FDR’S FOREIGN POLICY • 1933 – FDR is a friendly president
• Recognizes the Soviet Union in 1933 and exchanges ambassadors
• Good Neighbor Policy – no intervention in Latin America
• Withdrew armed forces in L. America
• 1934 – reduces tariffs
• 1935 – Congress passes the NEUTRALITY ACTS
• U.S. could not sell weapons or give loans to nations in war
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JOURNAL • When do you think it is right for the U.S. to enter a war? Why?
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JOURNAL
• Do you think the U.S. would have entered World War II if Pearl Harbor had not been attacked? Why or why not?
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CHAPTER 17
• The United States in WWII
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SECTION 1: MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE
• Japan Times says America is “trembling in her shoes”
• 5 million volunteer for military service
• Selective Service Act provides 10 million soldiers
• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – women volunteers serve in non-combat positions
• Pilots, ambulance drivers, electricians
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WHAT ABOUT DISCRIMINATION?
• “Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man”
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DISCRIMINATION IN MILITARY
• 300,000 Mexican-Americans join the military
• 1 million African Americans in segregated units -> no combat until 1943
• 33,000 Japanese Americans
• 25,000 Native Americans
• Chinese cannot become naturalized citizens
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A PRODUCTION MIRACLE
• Factories are converted for war production
• Car plants now make tanks, planes, boats
• Henry Kaiser’s shipyards made a ship each day by 1945
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CONTRIBUTION OF THE WORKERS
• Men are fighting
• 6 million women enter the workforce
• No problem operating welding torches
or riveting guns
• Paid 60% of what men earn
• Minorities are also not hired at first
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A. PHILIP RANDOLPH
• Most respected African American labor leader organizes a march on Washington D.C. 1941
• Demands: “The right to work and fight for our country.”
• March is cancelled after FDR issues executive order making discrimination in defense industries illegal
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HOW DID WWII END THE GREAT DEPRESSION?
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MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS
• 1941 – FDR creates the Office of Scientific Research
and Development (OSRD) -> leads to better radar + sonar, pesticides, penicillin
• Secret development of the atomic bomb – German scientists (Albert Einstein) split uranium atoms -> release enormous amounts of energy
• FDR starts intensive program to build an atomic bomb in 1942 = Manhattan Project
•
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• Office of Price Administration (OPA) – freezes prices so that the price of goods does not increase drastically
• Higher taxes + war bonds keep inflation in check
• War Production Board (WPB) – decides companies that will convert to war production
• Rationing – families are only allowed to purchase small quantities of scarce goods (meat, sugar, coffee, gasoline)
THE FEDERAL GOVT. TAKES CONTROL
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QUESTIONS SECTION 1 • How did each of the following contribute to the war effort?
• 1. Selective Service Act
• 2. Woman
• 3. Minorities
• 4. Manufacturers
• 5. A. Philip Randolph
• 6. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
• 7. Office of Price Administration (OPA)
• 8. War Production Board (WPB)
• 9. Rationing
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SECTION 2: THE WAR FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA
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• Churchill (British PM) and FDR meet at the White House Dec. 22, 1941 -> America will fight Hitler first
• German subs destroy American supply ships off the Atlantic coast
• Convoy system led by destroyers with sonar
• By 1943 Allies have the upper hand
THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN JOIN FORCES
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THE EASTERN FRONT AND THE MEDITERRANEAN
• Hitler wants to destroy Stalingrad, a major Russian industrial center
• Soviets counterattack during the winter
• 1,100,000 Russian soldiers die but German troops surrender
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THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT
• Churchill and FDR decided to attack Axis-controlled North Africa
• Operation Torch is led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• They defeat General Erwin Rommel and Germans surrender in N. Africa
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THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN
• Sicily is captured in 1943
• Dictator Benito Mussolini is forced to resign
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HEROES IN COMBAT
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THE ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE
• American General Dwight D. Eisenhower leads 3 million Allied troops into Normandy, France
• D-Day – June 6, 1944
• General George Patton and Omar Bradley lead Allied troops in France
• Sept. 1944 – France is liberated
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THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• Americans capture German town, Aachen
• German tanks drive 60 miles into Allied territory in Belgium – hoping to create a bulge in the Allied line
• Germans lose 120,000 troops and have to retreat
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END OF WAR IN EUROPE
• Soviets reach Nazi death camps in July 1944
• April 1945 – Soviets storm Berlin
• Hitler shoots himself in his bunker
• A week later General Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of the Third Reich
• May 8, 1945 – V-E Day (Victory in Europe day)
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SECTION 3: THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
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HOW DIFFERENT WOULD IT BE TO FIGHT A WAR IN JAPAN RATHER THAN IN EUROPE?
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THE ALLIES STOP THE JAPANESE TIDE
• 80,000 American and Filipino troops fight Japanese at Bataan, Philippines and Japanese win (March. 1942)
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• April 1942 - Allies bomb Tokyo • Lifts American spirits • Battle of Coral Sea – Japanese
are stopped by Allies (Australia + U.S.)
• Admiral Chester Nimitz leads Allies in successfully defending island of Midway (northwest of Hawaii)
• Island hopping campaign begins – Allies move closer to Japan
THE ALLIES STOP THE JAPANESE TIDE
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THE ALLIES GO ON THE OFFENSIVE
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THE ALLIES GO ON THE OFFENSIVE • Allies take Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands• Kamikazes, suicide planes, are used in Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines) • 424 kamikaze pilots sink 16 American ships in the Philippines but still
lose• Allies go into island of Iwo Jima – 200 of 20,700 Japanese survive• April 1945 – U.S. Marines invade island of Okinawa
• 7,600 Americans die• 110,000 Japanese• Two generals commit ritual suicide
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• 1. Why do you think this image became so important?
• 2. What human qualities do you think this photograph symbolizes?
RAISING THE FLAG ON IWO JIMA
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• Japan still has a large army• Passionate soldiers• Manhattan Project led by
American J. Robert Oppenheimer• Atomic bomb is tested in New
Mexico (June, 1945)• July 1945 – Truman orders military
to make plans to drop two atomic bombs
• Tells Japan to surrender• They do not so bombs are
dropped
TO INVADE OR NOT INVADE JAPAN
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HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
• August 6, 1945 - B-29 bomber (Enola Gay) drops atomic bomb (“Little Boy”) over Hiroshima
• August 9, 1945 – “Fat Man” is dropped on Nagasaki
• 200,000 die from injuries or radiation later in the year
• Japan formally surrenders on Sept. 2, 1945
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VIDEO CLIPS• http://vimeo.com/1476520 - Fort Minor
• http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=403&display_format=4§ion=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – volunteering for military service
• http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=184&display_format=4§ion=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – racist news papers
• http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=461&display_format=4§ion=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – farm land
• http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=424&display_format=4§ion=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – meat and food
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JOURNAL
• 1. Write down three new facts or ides you learned from the video clips.
• 2. If you were the President of the U.S. in 1942 would you have treated people of Japanese decent differently or the same? Why?
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SECTION 4: THE HOME FRONT
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• Unemployment falls to a low of 1.2 percent in 1944
• Average weekly pay goes up 10 percent
• Farmers could pay off mortgages
• 6 million women enter workforce – defense industries and journalism
OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT
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OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT
• A million people move to California (1941-1944)
• Over a million African Americans moved to northern cities
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OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT
• More children in day cares and juvenile detention
• High school sweethearts marry before the soldiers leave
• 1944 – GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) – free education, training, loans for veterans
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DISCRIMINATION AND REACTION
• More African Americans gain skilled jobs in Midwestern cities
• 1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is founded by James Farmer and stages its first sit-in a segregated Chicago restaurant
• Racial violence in Detroit
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TENSION IN LOS ANGELES • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsFN2fMLL-s
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