chapter 16- torn by war (civil war). guideline questions: 452-455 1) what were some key reasons why...

Chapter 16- Torn by War (Civil War)

Guideline Questions: 452-455

1) What were some key reasons why the Civil War began?

2) List the strengths and weaknesses of both the North and the South at the start of war.

3) What were some qualities Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln possessed?

4) Why did Robert E. Lee face a moral dilemma?

Section 1: Preparing for War

I. Nation Divided A. South- keep slavery B. North- save the Union C. Key States for the South= Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas D. Key States for North (Border)= Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Delaware E. Martial Law: rule by army instead of elected government (1861 attack in Baltimore)


II. South- Advantages and Disadvantages

A. Advantages- home turf, fighting for independence, used woods

B. Disadvantages: 1)lacked supplies 2)factories to produce weapons 3)few railroads 4) small population 5) Confederates favored states rights and limited authority of central government


III. North- Advantages and Disadvantages

A. Advantages: 1) four times as many free citizens 2) Industry to produce supplies including guns, bullets, canons, and uniforms 3) 70% of nation’s railroads 4) strong navy B. Disadvantages: 1) Unfamiliar with South territory 2) more open to attack


IV. The War’s Leaders A. The South= Jefferson Davis- Respected for honesty and

courage- Went to West Point and fought in

Mexican War- Did not like giving military

planning to others


B. The North= Abraham Lincoln- patient, strong leader and fine war

planner- had a strong sense of humor C. Military Leaders 1) Robert E. Lee- asked to command Union Army, but sides with Virginia and the Confederacy2) Lincoln struggled to find generals to match the South’s


1) How did the Union plan to control the war?

2) How do the Confederates think they are going to control the war?

3) What happens at Bull Run?


1) Why were ironclad ships so important to naval bases during the Civil War?

2) Explain what happened at the Battle of Antietam.

3) What happens at the Battle of Shiloh?

Section 2: The Struggle Begins

I. Strategies for Victory A. Union Plans1) Use navy to blockade southern

ports (cut off South’s manufactured goods from Europe)

2) Seize Richmond, the Confederate capital

3) Seize Mississippi River, to prevent the South from using the river to supply troops


B. Confederate Plans1) Fight defensive war until the

North got tired of fighting2) Relied on European money and

supplies to help fight the war3) Cotton mills were important to

textile mills in England and other countries


II. Battle of Bull Run: July 21, 1861

A. first major battle of Civil War, fought in Virginia B. Union and Confederate Battle- Stonewall Jackson stood on a nearby hill with his troops, while the Union retreatedIII. Union’s Response A. Appointed George McClellan, commander of the Union Army


B. Cautious general who abandoned an attack just south of Richmond, due to Robert E. Lee sending Stonewall Jackson to threaten WashingtonIV. Naval Action A. Union uses blockades on southern ports B. Merrimack: ironclad ship used by Confederates to break the Union blockade


C. Monitor: Union ironclad- Union captures Norfolk, and builds

50 ironclads, and continues their blockades throughout the war

V. Antietam: September 17th, 1862- 23,000 Union and Confederate

soldiers are killed or wounded- Union is victorious, but Lincoln is

disappointed with McClellan, but Grant is gaining ground in the West


VI. Union Victories in the WestA. Battle of Shiloh: one of the bloodiest

encounters in the Civil War in Tennessee, which helped gain access to the Miss River

B. Union ships seized New Orleans and Memphis, preventing the South to use the Mississippi as a supply line

C. Vicksburg: July 4, 1863 Union victory (takes control of Mississippi which splits the Confederacy into 2 parts)


1) Why does Lincoln handle the issue of slavery cautiously?

2) What was the Emancipation Proclamation? How did it change the war going forward?

3) How did the 54th Massachusetts Regiment contribute to the War?

Section 3: FreedomI. Forever Free A. Lincoln handles slavery issue cautiously, he wanted to save the Union B. He frees enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy C. Four loyal slave states: slaves were not free D. Slaves remained in Confederate areas captured by Union

Section 3: Freedom E. Reasons for his approach 1. weaken Confederacy without angering slave owners 2. thought slavery was wrong F. Emancipation Proclamation: January 1st, 1863, freed slaves in any state- Rebelling states did not follow - Now, Union was fighting to end slavery

and to save the Union- Was less likely that Britain or other

Europeans would aid the South

Section 3: FreedomII. African Americans in the War A. All black units, commanded by white officers, and only earned half the pay of white soldiers B. 54th Massachusetts Regiment: attacks Fort Wagner, near Charleston in Summer of 1863 C. Slaves in Confederate states still worked on plantations, but they celebrated when they heard news of the Proclamation

Group Activity: 9/10/14Half of you are slaves in the

Confederacy, the other half are slaves in the Union, you have just heard of the passing of the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, what are your thoughts? (List 5-7)


1) What was life like for the Union and Confederate armies? (weapons, medicine, prison camps)

2) What problems did the North face during the war?

3) Name 2 problems the Confederacy faced during the war.


1) What is inflation, and how did it help the North?

2) How did the South’s economy suffer and what effects did blockades have on the South?

3) Why were women important to the war and what services did they provide?

Section 4: Hardships of War

I. Blue and Gray (Yanks and Rebs) A. Battle Tested: Soldiers faced canon blasts and bullets passing their ears B. Deadly Weapons: cone shaped bullets and cannons (25% or more died in most battles)C. Crude Medical Care: pneumonia and malaria killed many men and surgeons cut off arms and legs of wounded menD. Prison Camps: appalling conditions and death from disease and starvation


II. Discord in the North A. Copperheads: northerners who thought the South should be allowed to leave Union B. Bounties: payment to men who joined the Union ($100 and $300 to fill ranks) C. Draft: law requiring men of a certain age to serve in the military D. Riots: New York riots where white workers attacked free blacks (74 dead)E. Habeas Corpus: right to have a hearing before being jailed


III. Trouble in the Confederacy A. Believed in states’ rights B. resisted paying taxes to central gov’t C. Shortage of soldiers, passed draft law IV. War Boosts the Northern Economy A. taxed luxuries and issued bonds to finance the war B. Union printed $400 million in paper money (Greenbacks)C. Inflation: economic cycle in which the value of money falls and the prices of goods rise


V. Hard Times in the South A. Tax-in-kind: tax paid with goods (not $) B. used paper money too C. damaged economy especially cotton D. Davis cut South’s income (Britain got their cotton from Egypt and India) E. Union blockade created shortages of food, kept weapons from being delivered, which made it difficult for the South


VI. Women at War A. worked in factories, disguised as soldiers, and served as spies B. Dorothea Dix: superintendent of nurses for Union army C. Clara Barton: Civil War nurse and founder of Red Cross D. Sojourner Truth: anti-slavery leader who worked in Union hospitals and camps for freed slaves E. South: Sally Louisa Tompkins opens hospital in Richmond, Virginia

Group Activity: 9/17/141) Read about Nurses in the Civil

War (page 471).2) List 4-5 key achievements

made by these nurses.3) Design a symbol/slogan that

represents their achievements/accomplishments.

Guideline Questions: Pages 472-475

1) What were the two victories for the Confederates? Why were they successful?

2) What happens at Pickett’s Charge?

3) What was Lincoln’s message in his Gettysburg Address speech?

Guideline Questions: Pages 475-477

1) Define Total War.2) How was Grant able to beat

the Confederates? What were his strategies?

3) Who did Lincoln defeat in the Election of 1864?

4) How does the war end?

Section 5: Victory at Appomattox

I. Confederate Victories A. Fredericksburg: Lee’s Army outlasts General Ambrose Burnside and the Union soldiers B. Chancellorsville: victory at the wooden ground for the Confederates C. However, South suffers a big loss with the death of Stonewall Jackson, Lee’s biggest supporterD. Lee moves north to Pennsylvania, and if successful would head south to D.C.


II. Lee at Gettysburg (June 30th 1863)

A. Confederates drove Union out of town B. Cemetery Ridge: General Longstreet and South are training and want to move South because he did not like the Union’s position, Lee wanted to keep fighting C. Lee’s mind is made up and continues fighting, suffering severe losses, and Longstreet urges him to march South again


D. Pickett’s Charge: Lee sends 15,000 men to Cemetery Ridge under Gen George Pickett- Longstreet still disagreed and

gave the signal- Union rifles opened fire and

Confederates dropped in drastic numbers

E. Pickett’s Charge fails, Lee retreats, and the war is at a turning point

Section 5: Victory at AppomattoxIII. Aftermath of Gettysburg A. 40,000 wounded or dead B. Gettysburg Address: November 19th, 1863, Lincoln sums up as the Union is a democratic nation that all men are created equal of the people, by the people, and for the people


IV. Total War: destroying everything including food and equipment for soldiers and civilians (success for the Union)

A. Grant is Lincoln’s Union commander B. Grant sends Gen Philip Sheridan to destroy the Shenandoah Valley, their farms, and livestock C. Grant sends Gen George Sherman to Atlanta, they burn the city, burn railroad tracks, and burned homes, barns, and factories


V. Lincoln Is Reelected in 1864 A. Lincoln runs against Democrat George McClellan B. McClellan: more willing to compromise with South C. Sherman’s Atlanta victory and Sheridan’s Shenandoah Valley victory increased Lincoln’s support, he defeats McClellan

Section 5: Victory at AppomattoxVI. The War Ends (South cannot

replace men and supplies) A. Lee’s army is shrinking B. Grant keeps Lee under siege for 9 months at Petersburg C. April 2 1865, Petersburg and Richmond fall on the same day D. April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse E. Grant offers Confederate army generous terms of surrender

chapter 16- torn by war (civil war). guideline questions: 452-455 1) what were some key reasons why...

Documents

south advantages

fine war

start of war

north advantages

major battle of civil

union armysection

union retreatediii

south territory