Chapter 16Chapter 16Section 2Section 2

New New

ChallengesChallenges

Critics of the New DealCritics of the New Deal• There were people who opposed the New DealThere were people who opposed the New Deal• Dr. Francis E. TownsendDr. Francis E. Townsend wanted the gov. to grant a wanted the gov. to grant a

pension of $200 a month to every American over pension of $200 a month to every American over 60 years of age. All recipients were to spend the $ 60 years of age. All recipients were to spend the $ within 30 days, thus pumping the $ back into the within 30 days, thus pumping the $ back into the economyeconomy

• Charles E. CoughlinCharles E. Coughlin urged the gov. to nationalize urged the gov. to nationalize all banks and return to the silver standardall banks and return to the silver standard

• Louisiana senatorLouisiana senator {{Huey LongHuey Long proposed theproposed the Share-Our-WealthShare-Our-Wealth economic relief program},economic relief program}, in in which the gov could seize wealth from the rich which the gov could seize wealth from the rich through taxes and then provide a guaranteed through taxes and then provide a guaranteed income and home to every family in Americaincome and home to every family in America

• Long was assassinated in 1935, one month after Long was assassinated in 1935, one month after announcing that he was going his bid to run for announcing that he was going his bid to run for president against Roosevelt president against Roosevelt

• Long proposed the Long proposed the "Share Our Wealth""Share Our Wealth" program which program which said that no individual family could said that no individual family could hold more than $ 5 mil in wealth and hold more than $ 5 mil in wealth and receive more than $ 1 mil in annual receive more than $ 1 mil in annual income. The excess of these salary income. The excess of these salary caps would trickle down to help the caps would trickle down to help the poor. Long announced he was poor. Long announced he was interested in running against interested in running against Roosevelt in the 1936 election. One Roosevelt in the 1936 election. One month later. on Sunday, September month later. on Sunday, September 8, 1935, Huey Long was at the 8, 1935, Huey Long was at the capital building in Baton Rouge. He capital building in Baton Rouge. He was attending a session called by was attending a session called by Judge Benjamin Pavy, one of Long's Judge Benjamin Pavy, one of Long's political enemies. As Long walked political enemies. As Long walked down a corridor, a Dr. Carl Weiss down a corridor, a Dr. Carl Weiss ( Pavy’s son in law ) walked up to ( Pavy’s son in law ) walked up to him and shot him in the abdomen. him and shot him in the abdomen. But not all the accounts of the But not all the accounts of the events coincide. An alternative events coincide. An alternative theory suggests that Weiss was theory suggests that Weiss was actually unarmed, and had punched actually unarmed, and had punched Long, not shot him. Instead, the Long, not shot him. Instead, the senator was struck by a stray bullet senator was struck by a stray bullet from his bodyguards, who shot Weiss from his bodyguards, who shot Weiss because they mistakenly believed because they mistakenly believed that Weiss was going to shoot Long. that Weiss was going to shoot Long.

The Second New DealThe Second New DealThe Works Progress AdministrationThe Works Progress Administration

• After the Civil Works Administration ended, After the Civil Works Administration ended, Roosevelt started the Roosevelt started the {{Works Progress Works Progress AdministrationAdministration which ultimately gave jobs to which ultimately gave jobs to 8.5 million blue collar and white collar workers}8.5 million blue collar and white collar workers}

• The WPA also established the The WPA also established the {{National Youth National Youth AdministrationAdministration which gave part-time jobs to which gave part-time jobs to high-school and college aged people}high-school and college aged people}

• Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt {appointed {appointed Mary McLeod Mary McLeod BethuneBethune as the director of the Division of as the director of the Division of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration}Administration}

Eleanor Roosevelt helped establish the National Youth Administration in June 1935. The NYA helped more than 2

million high school and college students stay in school by giving them

grants in exchange for work. They worked in libraries and college labs, and on farms. The NYA also found

work for 2.5 million young people who were not in school and not working. As World War II approached, NYA youths worked in defense industries where

they gained useful job skills. The NYA was an equal opportunity agency,

providing aid to women and minorities. This feature of the program was very important to Mrs. Roosevelt. "It is a question of the right to work,"

she said, "and the right to work should know no color lines."

The Second New DealThe Second New DealSocial Security & other programsSocial Security & other programs

• Another important reform was the Another important reform was the Social Security ActSocial Security Act, , passed by Congress in 1935.passed by Congress in 1935.

• First, the act provided unemployment insurance to First, the act provided unemployment insurance to workers who lost their jobsworkers who lost their jobs

• Second, Second, {the {the Social Security ActSocial Security Act provided pensions provided pensions to workers aged 65 and older}to workers aged 65 and older}

• Third, it provided payments to people with disabilitiesThird, it provided payments to people with disabilities• Roosevelt then targeted the wealthy with Roosevelt then targeted the wealthy with {the {the Revenue Revenue

Act of 1935Act of 1935, which drastically , which drastically increased taxes for the increased taxes for the nation’s wealthynation’s wealthy}}

• Roosevelt ran for reelection in 1936. Thanks to his Roosevelt ran for reelection in 1936. Thanks to his progress and success in reformation and reconstruction progress and success in reformation and reconstruction he easily won.he easily won.

Roosevelt and the Supreme Roosevelt and the Supreme CourtCourt

• After his presidential victory, Roosevelt sought After his presidential victory, Roosevelt sought to reform the Supreme Courtto reform the Supreme Court

• Roosevelt was angered the Supreme Court Roosevelt was angered the Supreme Court declared several New Deal measures as declared several New Deal measures as unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

• {He believed the nine members of the Supreme {He believed the nine members of the Supreme Court to be Court to be too old and set in their waystoo old and set in their ways}}

• Roosevelt petitioned to be allowed to replace Roosevelt petitioned to be allowed to replace the justices that are 70 years and older with the justices that are 70 years and older with new justices that he would appointnew justices that he would appoint

• Of course his petition was deniedOf course his petition was denied• But over the next 4 years several of the justices But over the next 4 years several of the justices

either died or retired, so Roosevelt got to either died or retired, so Roosevelt got to appoint new people anyway appoint new people anyway

Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill

Effects of the Second New Effects of the Second New DealDeal

• Congress passed the Congress passed the {{Wagner-Connery ActWagner-Connery Act that that guaranteed workers rights to organize unions}guaranteed workers rights to organize unions}

• Laborers were now allowed legally to strike and Laborers were now allowed legally to strike and bargain for better wages and working conditionsbargain for better wages and working conditions

• {Labor leaders organized the {Labor leaders organized the Congress of Industrial Congress of Industrial AdministrationAdministration to unite workers in several various to unite workers in several various industry}industry}

• Congress created another program to replace the Congress created another program to replace the Agricultural Adjustment Act only this time to appease Agricultural Adjustment Act only this time to appease the Court they called it soil conservation instead of crop the Court they called it soil conservation instead of crop reductionreduction

• It authorized payment to farmers for soil conservation It authorized payment to farmers for soil conservation and allowed the Department of Agriculture to regulate and allowed the Department of Agriculture to regulate the amount the crops in circulationthe amount the crops in circulation

• The Second New Deal also brought aid to The Second New Deal also brought aid to sharecroppers, tenant farmers and migrant farmers sharecroppers, tenant farmers and migrant farmers

Roosevelt’s RecessionRoosevelt’s Recession

• In 1936 Roosevelt began cutting back on In 1936 Roosevelt began cutting back on relief and public works programs but the relief and public works programs but the economy was not ready yeteconomy was not ready yet

• Factories and businesses began going Factories and businesses began going under. Republican’s called this under. Republican’s called this “Roosevelt’s Recession”“Roosevelt’s Recession”

• Roosevelt responded by expanding and Roosevelt responded by expanding and restarting the New Deal programsrestarting the New Deal programs

• Because of criticism, Roosevelt did not did Because of criticism, Roosevelt did not did not propose any new reforms in 1939 not propose any new reforms in 1939

The Eternal BattleThe Eternal Battle by Daniel by Daniel JohnstonJohnston