Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,

publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation

created by

Karen Schuster Florida Community College of Jacksonville

Chapter 16

Life Cycle

Nutrition:

Toddlers through

the Later Years

Young Children’s Nutritional Needs and Issues

Two age categories during early childhood:

Toddlers: 1-3 years old

Preschoolers: 3-5 years old

Growth slows significantly:

Average weight gain in 2nd year: 3-5 pounds

Average height gain: 3-5 inches

Young Children’s Nutritional Issues: GO, GO, GO

Appetite decreases: monitor growth to determine if child is eating enough

Tend not to eat much at one sitting

Need to eat small meals and nutrient-dense foods

Toddlers are very active; need 1,000–1,600 calories daily

Provide nutrient-dense meats, bean, fruits, vegetables, milk, whole grains

Avoid choking hazards: hot dogs, nuts, whole grapes, hard candy, chunks of peanut butter, popcorn, raisins, raw vegetables should not be given to children younger than four

Young Children’s Nutritional Needs

Young children need to consume enough calcium and iron.

Children 1–3 years of age: 500 µg/day of calcium

Two 8 oz. glasses of milk is about that…

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in children

The culprit behind iron deficiency in children is an overly milk-heavy diet.

Iron toxicity is a leading cause of death in children under 6. (too little iron is excreted by body.)

Young Children’s Nutritional Needs

Young children need to consume enough vitamin D and fiber.

Vitamin D important to prevent rickets

Ages 1-8 need 5 mcg (200 IU)

Fiber: 1-3 years need 19 g/day; 4-8 years: 25 g/day

Whole grains, fruits, vegetables can meet needs

Young children need nutrient-dense beverages.

Need milk and water, avoid sodas, sugary drinks

Too much milk can displace important nutrients such as iron.

Young Children’s Nutritional Issues

“Picky eating” and “food jags” are common in small children.

Parents should:

Serve as good role models

Encourage variety and new foods

Determine what food is offered, when and where

The adult is responsible for what the child is offered to eat but the child is responsible for whether he or she eats and how much. Food jags are usually temporary and usually not a health problem.

School-Aged Children’s Nutritional Needs and Issues

Quality of diet impacts growth Caregivers should encourage and model

healthy habits. School-aged children are experiencing higher

rates of obesity and diabetes. Due to many factors: too many calories, too

little physical activity Excess calories from sugary drinks, sports

drinks, high fat foods, larger portions Less physical activity due to increased

“screen” time (no more than 2 hours), less physical education at school

School-Aged Children’s Nutritional Needs and Issues

American Academy of Pediatrics recommends: Caregivers act as role models of healthy

eating Offer children healthy snacks of vegetables,

fruits, whole grains Increase physical activity Limit screen time to no more than two hours

daily Childhood obesity increases risk of type 2

diabetes Early intervention and treatment important Entire family should adopt healthy diet and

exercise to manage diabetes

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) a condition where children are inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive.

A side effect of the medications to treat this condition is decreased appetite.

There isn’t any research to support the myth that sugar contributes to ADHD or makes it worse.

A 2004 study investigating iron deficiency in children with ADHD found that children with the most severe iron deficiencies were also the most inattentive, impulsive, and hyperactive.

Adolescents’ Nutritional Needs and Issues

Adolescence is generally between start of puberty and adulthood Rapid growth spurt and, for girls, menarche

(onset of period)

Height, weight, bone mass, muscle mass, body fat stores increase

Overweight and obesity increasing in this age group

Girls who take in too much fat and/or too little fiber may experience menarche earlier, especially those who are inactive.

Adolescents’ Nutritional Needs

Adolescents need calcium and iron for growth and development.

Bone growth occurs in the epiphyseal plate.

Low intake of calcium can lead to low peak bone mass and is a risk factor for osteoporosis.

Soft drinks and diet sodas displace milk in diet

Teen males and females need more iron for different reasons.

Iron needed for muscle growth and increased blood volume

Girls experience loss due to menstruation

Older Adults’ Nutritional Needs and Issues

At age 50, a person is considered an older adult.

Adults are living longer:

Life expectancy of person born in 1900 was 47 years

Life expectancy of person born in 1990s is more than 75 years

Advances in medicine and nutrition have contributed to the increased average life span.

Number of older adults in U.S. will increase dramatically over next several decades

Older Adults’ Nutritional Needs and Issues

Older adults need fewer calories, not less nutrition

Metabolic rate declines with age due to loss of muscle mass and less physical activity

Decline: 10 calories/year for men, 7 calories/year for women

Nutrient needs stay same or increase in some cases, requiring nutrient-dense food choices

Older adults need to get enough fiber and fluids.

Help reduce the risk of constipation and diverticulosis

Thirst mechanism and kidney’s ability to concentrate urine declines with age

Go Get ‘Em!!!

Older Adults’ Nutritional Needs and Issues

Older adults need to watch intake of vitamins A, D, and B12 Overconsumption of preformed vitamin A

(retinol - animal sources) may increase risk of osteoporosis and fractures

Ability of skin to make vitamin D from sunlight, of intestines and kidneys to absorb and convert vitamin D into active form declines with age

Need for dietary vitamin D doubles at age 50, triples at age 70

Up to 30% of people over 50 cannot absorb natural form of vitamin B12 from foods because stomach produces less acidic juice

Older Adults’ Nutritional Needs

Older adults need to get enough iron, zinc, calcium: diets often fall short

Zinc needed for healthy immune system, ability to taste

Calcium needs increase to 1,200 µg/day over the age of 50

What Additional Challenges May Older Adults Face?

WHO: best strategy for aging adults to maintain health and prevent chronic diseases is a varied, nutrient/phytochemical-dense diet (heart healthy), vitamins E & C to slow the loss of cognitive function.

Staying physically active in spite of physical and mental challenges such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease Exercise increases ability to live

independently longer Nutrients and compounds in foods and herbs

can interact with medications, having negative consequences

Drug, Food, Herb Interactions

Grapefruit and grapefruit juice will increase the absorption of calcium channel blocking agents, which are a type of medication used to treat heart disease.

Ginkgo biloba can interfere with blood clotting.

What Additional Challenges May Older Adults Face?

Economic and emotional conditions can affect nutritional health.

Food insecurity: limited diet may be deficient in many nutrients

Older American Act (1965) provides support and services for ages 60 and older, including congregate meals and nutrition education

Depression and grief: up to 20% affected

Alcohol abuse: alcohol tolerance decreases with aging