chapter 16 health and fitness equipment considerations

Chapter 16Chapter 16Health and Fitness Health and Fitness

Equipment ConsiderationsEquipment Considerations

SGMASGMA

45 million Americans over age 6 45 million Americans over age 6 trained w/ free weights trained w/ free weights

Has risen Has risen 101%101%

Total adult part. in free weight use - Total adult part. in free weight use - risen risen 119%119% since 1987 since 1987

Hand wts Hand wts most popularmost popular up up 16% 16% over 27 million part.over 27 million part.

SGMASGMA

Women comprised 45% of all people who exercised Women comprised 45% of all people who exercised with free weights.with free weights.

Spectacular rise of weight training among women Spectacular rise of weight training among women (up 203% from 1987) (up 203% from 1987)

One of the most dramatic fitness trends of the late One of the most dramatic fitness trends of the late

20th Century.20th Century.

SGMASGMA

Under age 25 -Under age 25 - 36% 36%

Ages 25- 44 -Ages 25- 44 - 39% 39%

Ages 45 and up -Ages 45 and up - 25% 25%

SGMASGMA

But did you know?But did you know?

Biggest boom - free weight usersBiggest boom - free weight users 55 and up55 and up

1987 – just over 750,000 participants1987 – just over 750,000 participants2001 – 6 million participants 2001 – 6 million participants

= = 700 %700 %

What’s Popular?What’s Popular?

EquipmentEquipment % of clubs offering% of clubs offering

Free WeightsFree Weights 97%97%

TreadmillsTreadmills 95%95%

Upright BikesUpright Bikes 94%94%

Recumbent BikesRecumbent Bikes 93%93%

Climbers/SteppersClimbers/Steppers 93%93%

Elliptical MachinesElliptical Machines 92%92%

Plate-Loaded EquipmentPlate-Loaded Equipment 87%87%

Selectorized EquipmentSelectorized Equipment 81%81%

Group Exercise StudioGroup Exercise Studio 78%78%

RowersRowers 77%77%

Source: IHRSA 2002 Member Census

SGMASGMA

Completed 1-3 yrs of collegeCompleted 1-3 yrs of college

of weight training population - of weight training population - 50%50%

North central region US –North central region US –

11 million participants - 11 million participants -

114% 114% jump since 1987jump since 1987

FACILITY EQUIPMENT FACILITY EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONSCONSIDERATIONS

FunctionFunction Versatility Versatility SpaceSpace SafetySafety Durability/MaintenanceDurability/Maintenance CostCost StaffingStaffing

Equipment Function Equipment Function Consider your club’s missionConsider your club’s mission What type of equipment would serve your target What type of equipment would serve your target

market the most effectively?market the most effectively? Consider SES, Age, Families, GenderConsider SES, Age, Families, Gender

> % Free weights = Lower SES, more men> % Free weights = Lower SES, more men Place each piece of equipment into a categoryPlace each piece of equipment into a category

Cardiovascular/strength/abdominal/group ex.Cardiovascular/strength/abdominal/group ex. Ask yourself 4 questionsAsk yourself 4 questions

What kind of image do I want to project?What kind of image do I want to project? Who will be using the equipment?Who will be using the equipment? What is the basic purpose of the equipment?What is the basic purpose of the equipment? Will there be an emphasis on strength or endurance equipment?Will there be an emphasis on strength or endurance equipment?

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

What kind of image do you want to project?What kind of image do you want to project? Who will be using the equipment?Who will be using the equipment? What is the basic purpose of the equipment?What is the basic purpose of the equipment? Will there be an emphasis on strength or Will there be an emphasis on strength or

endurance equipment?endurance equipment?

Free Weights vs. MachinesFree Weights vs. Machines

Free weights can be intimidatingFree weights can be intimidating Machines help people feel comfortableMachines help people feel comfortable

If your mission is multipurpose, you want a higher % If your mission is multipurpose, you want a higher % of machinesof machines Older population & women will be more likely to joinOlder population & women will be more likely to join

Free weights are still importantFree weights are still important Don’t skimp on quality or buy used free weightsDon’t skimp on quality or buy used free weights Get rubberized DB & plates rather than ironGet rubberized DB & plates rather than iron Upholstery should match selectorized machinesUpholstery should match selectorized machines

User AppealUser Appeal

Convenience and ComfortConvenience and Comfort Soft paddingSoft padding Easy adjustmentsEasy adjustments Small incremental weight adjustmentsSmall incremental weight adjustments Smooth resistance patternsSmooth resistance patterns

Go to the vendor factory and try out machinesGo to the vendor factory and try out machines

Brand NamesBrand Names Instant credibility and appealInstant credibility and appeal

VERSATILITYVERSATILITY

Is it multi-functional?Is it multi-functional?

Can the novice operate it and can the Can the novice operate it and can the experienced benefit from it?experienced benefit from it?

Can it accommodate a variety of populations? Can it accommodate a variety of populations? (aging, obese, youth…)(aging, obese, youth…)

VersatilityVersatility

Should be reasonably portableShould be reasonably portable Design changes over timeDesign changes over time Maintenance issuesMaintenance issues Consider placement and potential removalConsider placement and potential removal

AdjustmentsAdjustments Can various sized people fit on the machine? Can various sized people fit on the machine? Are the adjustments easy for the average person?Are the adjustments easy for the average person? How many adjustments does one have to make?How many adjustments does one have to make?

MultipurposeMultipurpose Can the piece serve more than 1 function? Can the piece serve more than 1 function? If so, how likely is it that people will use the 1 function?If so, how likely is it that people will use the 1 function?

SPACESPACE

Determine how many pieces you need and Determine how many pieces you need and how many can fit in the available space.how many can fit in the available space.

Each station - ~46-50 sq. ft of spaceEach station - ~46-50 sq. ft of space

Space AllocationSpace Allocation

Each station needs ~ 46 sq./ft. of floor spaceEach station needs ~ 46 sq./ft. of floor space Take total sq./ft and divide by 46Take total sq./ft and divide by 46 Don’t forget to add in circulation spaceDon’t forget to add in circulation space Use manufacturer to help design if possibleUse manufacturer to help design if possible

Optimize space utilizationOptimize space utilization Plan for as many exercise “patterns” as possiblePlan for as many exercise “patterns” as possible

Indoor track around selectorized areaIndoor track around selectorized area Free weights adjacent to selectorized machinesFree weights adjacent to selectorized machines Abdominal mats near strength training areasAbdominal mats near strength training areas

Wow EffectWow Effect When possible, place your newest, best equipment near the entrance When possible, place your newest, best equipment near the entrance

or on the outside of the fitness areaor on the outside of the fitness area Will help the perceived image of the clubWill help the perceived image of the club

SPACESPACE

Example:Example:

7,500 sq ft exercise space/50 SF per station7,500 sq ft exercise space/50 SF per station

feature 150 stationsfeature 150 stations

breakdown – 50 cardio piecesbreakdown – 50 cardio pieces

and 90 strength training piecesand 90 strength training pieces

10 core pieces 10 core pieces

3:2:1 (:1/2) tread/ellip/bike/stair3:2:1 (:1/2) tread/ellip/bike/stair

SPACESPACE

ACSM recommends:ACSM recommends:

Allow 20-40 sq ft for ea. pc. EquipmentAllow 20-40 sq ft for ea. pc. Equipment Some experts recommend 46 SF/pc.Some experts recommend 46 SF/pc. And 20-25 sq ft for ea. UserAnd 20-25 sq ft for ea. User

ADA guidelinesADA guidelines

SPACESPACE

Short on space?Short on space?

““Jungle Gyms”Jungle Gyms”

DumbbellsDumbbells

Stability Balls/Medicine BallsStability Balls/Medicine Balls

Tubing and BandsTubing and Bands

Home Depot is your best buddyHome Depot is your best buddy

when you are poorwhen you are poor

SPACESPACE

Tip: Can you get it in the front door?Tip: Can you get it in the front door?

Make sure you can get it in the doorMake sure you can get it in the door

Takes $$ to take door frame apart, not to Takes $$ to take door frame apart, not to mention timemention time

DurabilityDurability

Usage patterns will cycleUsage patterns will cycle Functional pieces get lots of use todayFunctional pieces get lots of use today

Pulley systems or Freemotion Fitness EquipmentPulley systems or Freemotion Fitness Equipment http://www.freemotionfitness.com

Consider vendor warrantiesConsider vendor warranties Very important part of the sales packageVery important part of the sales package Serves as a rough indicator of it’s life expectancyServes as a rough indicator of it’s life expectancy

Structural frame should be lifetime, upholstery only 6 monthsStructural frame should be lifetime, upholstery only 6 months

Check out how its madeCheck out how its made Joint, chassis, padding, bearings, chains & belts, electronicsJoint, chassis, padding, bearings, chains & belts, electronics

SafetySafety Should be #1 priorityShould be #1 priority

Inadequate equipment can be grounds for negligenceInadequate equipment can be grounds for negligence Safe place statutesSafe place statutes

Entitle users to safe environmentsEntitle users to safe environments Place an additional burden of care on fitness centersPlace an additional burden of care on fitness centers

Shrouds, bolts, welds, anchored to floorShrouds, bolts, welds, anchored to floor Any weight stack should have a protective shroud to minimize risk of Any weight stack should have a protective shroud to minimize risk of

injuryinjury Cardiovascular EquipmentCardiovascular Equipment

Keep electrical plugs grounded with fault interruptersKeep electrical plugs grounded with fault interrupters Lots of preventative maintenance requiredLots of preventative maintenance required

Staff SupervisionStaff Supervision No equipment is safe enough to take the place of staffNo equipment is safe enough to take the place of staff Ensure someone is supervising weight floor at all timesEnsure someone is supervising weight floor at all times

MAINTENANCEMAINTENANCE

In house or out?In house or out?

Will it cost you more to maintain a cheaper Will it cost you more to maintain a cheaper piece of equipment?piece of equipment?

Parts, warranty, availability of vendorParts, warranty, availability of vendor

MAINTENANCEMAINTENANCE

Tips: Tips: Got space? Get 2Got space? Get 2 Chains turn equipment “religiously”Chains turn equipment “religiously”

Cardio after 3yrsCardio after 3yrs Strength after 6yrsStrength after 6yrs

Narrow choices to 2 or 3 of the best Narrow choices to 2 or 3 of the best manufacturers manufacturers

WHAT KIND TO GET?WHAT KIND TO GET?

Cardiovascular EquipmentCardiovascular Equipment Commercial gradeCommercial grade Residential gradeResidential grade

Strength Training EquipmentStrength Training Equipment Free weightsFree weights SelectorizedSelectorized Plate loadedPlate loaded

Functional AccessoriesFunctional Accessories What’s New and Hot (or just out there)What’s New and Hot (or just out there)

CARDIOVASCULARCARDIOVASCULAR

Are you going to have a cardio theater? Are you going to have a cardio theater? (individual monitors)(individual monitors)

Televisions? Radio hookup?Televisions? Radio hookup? Television monitoring kid’s room?Television monitoring kid’s room? Electronic Surveillance? Electronic Surveillance?

CARDIOVASCULARCARDIOVASCULAR

Cardiovascular EquipmentCardiovascular Equipment

What are we talking about?What are we talking about? TreadmillsTreadmills EllipticalsEllipticals Stationary BikesStationary Bikes Etc…Etc…

TreadmillTreadmill

Lifefitness 9500 HRLifefitness 9500 HR Precor C966Precor C966

Exercise BikesExercise Bikes

Precor C846-UPrecor C846-U Precor C846-RPrecor C846-R

StairClimbersStairClimbers

SC 9500HR Stairmaster StepMill 7000 PTSC 9500HR Stairmaster StepMill 7000 PT

Elliptical MachinesElliptical Machines

Precor EFX 546Precor EFX 546 Life Fitness CT 8500 Life Fitness CT 8500

Specialty MachinesSpecialty Machines

Cybex ArcTrainer 5000Cybex ArcTrainer 5000


Tunturi R780 RowerTunturi R780 Rower

Versa ClimberVersa Climber


Nu StepNu Step

Scifit ErgometerScifit Ergometer


Brewer’s LedgeBrewer’s Ledge

Climbing WallsClimbing Walls

CARDIO EQUIPMENTCARDIO EQUIPMENT

Basic Package 3-4 pieces Basic Package 3-4 pieces 1-2 Treadmills 1-2 Treadmills 1 Exercise Bike1 Exercise Bike 1 StairClimber or 1 StairClimber or 1 Elliptical Machine1 Elliptical Machine

$9,000-$18,000$9,000-$18,000 Moderate Package 5-9 pieces Moderate Package 5-9 pieces

2-3 Treadmills 2-3 Treadmills 1-2 Exercise Bikes1-2 Exercise Bikes 1-2 StairClimbers 1-2 StairClimbers 1-2 Elliptical Machines1-2 Elliptical Machines

$18,000-$35,000$18,000-$35,000

CARDIO EQUIPMENTCARDIO EQUIPMENT

Comprehensive Package 10-20 pieces Comprehensive Package 10-20 pieces 4-6 Treadmills 4-6 Treadmills 3-6 Elliptical Machines3-6 Elliptical Machines 2-5 Exercise Bikes2-5 Exercise Bikes 2-3 StairClimbers2-3 StairClimbers 1-2 Specialty Machines1-2 Specialty Machines

$35,000+$35,000+

STRENGTH EQUIPMENTSTRENGTH EQUIPMENT

Free WeightsFree Weights BB, DB, Olympic platesBB, DB, Olympic plates

Selectorized MachinesSelectorized Machines Pin adjustment, weight stackPin adjustment, weight stack

Plate-loaded MachinesPlate-loaded Machines Uni-lateral, Iso-lateral Uni-lateral, Iso-lateral


Free WeightsFree Weights Dumbbells, barbells, weight platesDumbbells, barbells, weight plates Three planesThree planes Benchs, racks, and treesBenchs, racks, and trees More economicalMore economical Proper training and supervisionProper training and supervision


Selectorized MachinesSelectorized Machines Single-stations or Multi “jungle gym”Single-stations or Multi “jungle gym” One or two planes of motionOne or two planes of motion Cables, belts, pulleys, chainsCables, belts, pulleys, chains Novice Novice Size mattersSize matters Less stabilization requiredLess stabilization required Spotter/Babysitter - StaffingSpotter/Babysitter - Staffing


Nautilus NitroNautilus Nitro

Cybex VR2Cybex VR2


Nautilus “Jungle Gym”Nautilus “Jungle Gym” Nautilus GravitronNautilus Gravitron


Free MotionFree Motion


Plate-loaded MachinesPlate-loaded Machines UnilateralUnilateral Iso-lateral (i.e. Hammer Strength)Iso-lateral (i.e. Hammer Strength) Everyones putting out plate loadedEveryones putting out plate loaded Better safety than free weightsBetter safety than free weights Heavier weight workoutsHeavier weight workouts


Hammer Strength Plate LoadedHammer Strength Plate Loaded

Body MasterBody Master


PlatformsPlatforms Power LiftPower Lift


Elastic Bands and TubingElastic Bands and Tubing Three planesThree planes ROMROM Group Exercise ClassesGroup Exercise Classes InexpensiveInexpensive PortablePortable

Purchasing the EquipmentPurchasing the Equipment Take inventoryTake inventory

What do you have? What do you need?What do you have? What do you need? Review the marketReview the market

Get a clear picture of industry trends and proven Get a clear picture of industry trends and proven manufacturersmanufacturers

You may want to hire a consultant for this processYou may want to hire a consultant for this process Some vendors represent a number of product lines – equipment Some vendors represent a number of product lines – equipment

brokersbrokers Identify staff members who may research the equipment for youIdentify staff members who may research the equipment for you

Writing specificationsWriting specifications For each piece – Brand X, Model B, or equivalentFor each piece – Brand X, Model B, or equivalent Be flexibly to allow for more competitive bidsBe flexibly to allow for more competitive bids

Purchasing the EquipmentPurchasing the Equipment InitiationInitiation

Request made to managerRequest made to manager Request ReviewRequest Review

Manager approves or rejects the requestManager approves or rejects the request Budget ReviewBudget Review

Manager assigns a code number to the item in the budget category identifiedManager assigns a code number to the item in the budget category identified Specifications PreparedSpecifications Prepared

Prepare the specs and provide to biddersPrepare the specs and provide to bidders Bid EvaluationBid Evaluation

Evaluate bids on both equipment quality and priceEvaluate bids on both equipment quality and price Purchase OrderPurchase Order

Send it to the vendor – complete listSend it to the vendor – complete list PaymentPayment

Cut check and mail in on deliveryCut check and mail in on delivery Payment SchedulePayment Schedule

50% down, and 50% on receipt of the equipment50% down, and 50% on receipt of the equipment Withhold 10% for 30 days to encourage prompt installationWithhold 10% for 30 days to encourage prompt installation

Purchasing the EquipmentPurchasing the Equipment Getting BidsGetting Bids Establish a list of Establish a list of responsibleresponsible bidders (3) bidders (3)

History, delivery, service, dependability, size of inventory, financial History, delivery, service, dependability, size of inventory, financial stability, promptnessstability, promptness

Formal approachFormal approach A bid sheet is provided to each bidder on the listA bid sheet is provided to each bidder on the list Informally communicate with bidders after receiving them to ensure Informally communicate with bidders after receiving them to ensure

you get the lowest possible priceyou get the lowest possible price Profit marginProfit margin

Winning bidder will ultimately cut this to winWinning bidder will ultimately cut this to win Will help the overwhelming service calls if they winWill help the overwhelming service calls if they win

Stay with a single product line – if possibleStay with a single product line – if possible All things being equal, keep as much of your equipment from the same All things being equal, keep as much of your equipment from the same

manufacturer as possiblemanufacturer as possible

Equipment CostEquipment Cost Can break the bankCan break the bank

Point of diminishing returns on gadgetsPoint of diminishing returns on gadgets Elaborate treadmills w/fans, electronic selectorized piecesElaborate treadmills w/fans, electronic selectorized pieces

Stick with a proven name brandStick with a proven name brand Name recognition and function attracts membersName recognition and function attracts members

Cybex, Life Fitness, Hammer Strength, Precor, IvankoCybex, Life Fitness, Hammer Strength, Precor, Ivanko Should not represent > 3 to 5% of start-up costShould not represent > 3 to 5% of start-up cost Refurbished EquipmentRefurbished Equipment

Can save you ~ 30%, may be an optionCan save you ~ 30%, may be an option Trade in value is $0.35 to $0.65 on the dollarTrade in value is $0.35 to $0.65 on the dollar

Consider the vendor agreementConsider the vendor agreement Some will take trade-in value at a later dateSome will take trade-in value at a later date Some provide maintenance agreements and free design and setupSome provide maintenance agreements and free design and setup


Accessories Add Up - $$Accessories Add Up - $$ Budget it inBudget it in

Don’t forget rubber matsDon’t forget rubber mats

Storage Bins, shelves, and hooksStorage Bins, shelves, and hooks Take things up to save spaceTake things up to save space

Dollars & SenseDollars & Sense

LeasingLeasing PurchasingPurchasing

New vs. UsedNew vs. Used

BorrowingBorrowing Stealing (just kidding)Stealing (just kidding)


Why Lease?Why Lease? You can lease almost any kind of equipmentYou can lease almost any kind of equipment You choose the equipment you wantYou choose the equipment you want You get a longer term, smaller paymentsYou get a longer term, smaller payments You enjoy virtually 100% financingYou enjoy virtually 100% financing You gain possible tax advantagesYou gain possible tax advantages You can build your available creditYou can build your available credit You can project costs more accuratelyYou can project costs more accurately You keep both cash and machines generating profitsYou keep both cash and machines generating profits You can deal with budget restrictionsYou can deal with budget restrictions You can get a hedge against obsolescenceYou can get a hedge against obsolescence


Leasing OptionsLeasing Options

A fixed, predetermined end-of-lease cash buyout price. A fixed, predetermined end-of-lease cash buyout price. A fixed, predetermined end-of-lease percentage buyout price. A fixed, predetermined end-of-lease percentage buyout price. End-of-lease refinancing of your equipment for a new lease term. End-of-lease refinancing of your equipment for a new lease term. Turning your existing equipment over to the lease company at the end Turning your existing equipment over to the lease company at the end

of the lease term, acquiring new equipment and a new lease.of the lease term, acquiring new equipment and a new lease.

WHEN BUYINGWHEN BUYING

Shop aroundShop around

Test DriveTest Drive

Check out competitionCheck out competition

When on vacationWhen on vacation

Distributor DemoDistributor Demo

Used EquipmentUsed Equipment

Used equipment and brokersUsed equipment and brokers Warranty and return-policyWarranty and return-policy

Internet – PhotosInternet – Photos

Trade it inTrade it in

Add quality pieces over timeAdd quality pieces over time

Used EquipmentUsed Equipment

Donate Old EquipmentDonate Old Equipment

Operation Fit KidsOperation Fit Kids

MaintenanceMaintenance

InternalInternal Cleanliness cannot be overemphasizedCleanliness cannot be overemphasized

#1 reason people leave a club#1 reason people leave a club Develop a maintenance checklist for part replacementDevelop a maintenance checklist for part replacement

ExternalExternal Don’t buy anything you can’t get repairedDon’t buy anything you can’t get repaired

Can be useful, assuming you have major brandsCan be useful, assuming you have major brands

Consider the amount of equipment you haveConsider the amount of equipment you have Choose service provider with adequate resourcesChoose service provider with adequate resources

Average club has 31 cardio, 81 free-weight stations, and 27 Average club has 31 cardio, 81 free-weight stations, and 27 resistance stations (1994) (higher today due to larger club size)resistance stations (1994) (higher today due to larger club size)

Maintenance ContractsMaintenance Contracts

Plan to spend $100 to $500/month for external Plan to spend $100 to $500/month for external contractscontracts Consider using in-house personnelConsider using in-house personnel

Equipment is fixed faster and less expensive over timeEquipment is fixed faster and less expensive over time Investigate manufacturer parts availabilityInvestigate manufacturer parts availability

Don’t buy obscure equipment Don’t buy obscure equipment Preventative maintenancePreventative maintenance

Can be worth thousands in parts and service if Can be worth thousands in parts and service if done regularlydone regularly

RecommendationsRecommendations

Variety is KeyVariety is Key

Offers variety to workouts and Offers variety to workouts and encourages results encourages results

(member-see progress=retention)(member-see progress=retention)

Essential to both exerciser motivation and Essential to both exerciser motivation and member/client retention member/client retention

ResourcesResources

IHRSA.orgIHRSA.org

SGMA.comSGMA.com

First FitnessFirst Fitness

Other EquipmentOther Equipment LaundryLaundry

Towel service?Towel service? If so, buy a washer-extractorIf so, buy a washer-extractor

Can handle up to 125 poundsCan handle up to 125 pounds Have been proven to be cost effective based on lack of breakdowns and efficiencyHave been proven to be cost effective based on lack of breakdowns and efficiency

150 to 300 sq/ft for laundry room150 to 300 sq/ft for laundry room Office EquipmentOffice Equipment

Telephones, desks, computers, postage meters, faxes, printers, furniture, Telephones, desks, computers, postage meters, faxes, printers, furniture, copiers, file cabinetscopiers, file cabinets

Factor in this equipment!Factor in this equipment! Locker-Room EquipmentLocker-Room Equipment

15 to 25 sq./ft. per person expected to be in locker area at any one time15 to 25 sq./ft. per person expected to be in locker area at any one time No more than 15% of membership will be occupying locker room at onceNo more than 15% of membership will be occupying locker room at once Permanent lockers should be available to accommodate 75% of usersPermanent lockers should be available to accommodate 75% of users Daily use lockers should comprise the remainingDaily use lockers should comprise the remaining Locker rooms typically allocate 25% to 35% of total facility sq/ftLocker rooms typically allocate 25% to 35% of total facility sq/ft Showers should be available for up to 1% of membership (20 showers for Showers should be available for up to 1% of membership (20 showers for

2000 members)2000 members)

Other EquipmentOther Equipment Fitness TestingFitness Testing

120-180 sq/ft120-180 sq/ft Bike ergometer, skinfold calipers, anthropometric tapes, sit and reach box, BP Bike ergometer, skinfold calipers, anthropometric tapes, sit and reach box, BP

equipment, weight scales, desk & chair, office supplies, file cabinetequipment, weight scales, desk & chair, office supplies, file cabinet Counseling Room (PT)Counseling Room (PT)

90-120 sq/ft90-120 sq/ft Lounge equipment/fitness chartsLounge equipment/fitness charts

Seminar roomSeminar room A/V Equipment – 20 sq/ft. per personA/V Equipment – 20 sq/ft. per person Tables & chairsTables & chairs

Gymnasium (50 x 84 feet) 5 feet around court for overrunGymnasium (50 x 84 feet) 5 feet around court for overrun Basketball goals, volleyball standards, scoreboardsBasketball goals, volleyball standards, scoreboards Ceiling height must be at lease 22 feetCeiling height must be at lease 22 feet 3 square feet per spectator for bench seating3 square feet per spectator for bench seating

chapter 16 health and fitness equipment considerations

Documents

equipment function

endurance equipment

piece of equipment

type of equipment

selectorized equipment

machines free weights

plateloaded equipment

trained w free weights