chapter 16- elements of chemistry the big idea: atoms are the fundamental building blocks of...
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Chapter 16- Elements of Chemistry
The Big Idea: Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of everything around us
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16.1 Chemistry: The Central Science
Chemistry is the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo
-Matter is anything you can touch, taste, smell, see, or hear
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Research is any activity whose purpose is the discovery of new knowledge.- Basic research leads to a greater
understanding of how the natural world operates.
Applied research focuses on developing applications developed from research.
Most chemists choose applied research as their major focus.
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The American Chemistry Council adopted the Responsible Care Program who pledge to manufacture chemicals without causing environmental damage
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16.2 Submicroscopic WorldAtoms are the basic unit of matter-Elements are made up of 1 type of atom
Molecules form when atoms link together . Ex: H2O
Submicroscopic is the realm of atoms and molecules.
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At the submicroscopic level, solid, liquid, and gaseous phases are distinguished by how the submicroscopic particles hold together
Phase of matte
Definite shape?
Definite volume?
Particle speed
Phase of matter
Definite shape?
Definite volume?
Particle movement
Solid yes yes Slight vibration
Liquid No yes Slip past each other
Gas no No Fast, random
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16.3 Change of PhaseIn order to change the phase of a substance, you must either add or remove HEAT.
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Solid liquid= meltingLiquid solid= freezingLiquid gas= evaporation
Condensation- gas liquid
Heat of fusion- the amount of energy needed to change any substance from solid to liquid and vice versa)
Heat of vaporization- the amount of energy required to change any substance from a liquid to gas and vice versa
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16.4 Physical and Chemical PropertiesPhysical properties- describe the look or feel of a substance
Chemical properties- characterize the ability of a substance to react with other substances or to transform from one substance to another.
During a chemical change, there is a change in the way the atoms are chemically bonded to one another.
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Physical change- a substance undergoes a phase change, but NOT it’s chemical identity
Chemical change- change that involves a rearrangement of the way atoms are bonded
Chemical reaction- new materials form by a change in the way atoms are bonded together
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16.5 Determining Physical and Chemical Changes After a physical change, the molecules are the same as the ones you started with. After a chemical change, the original molecules have been destroyed and new ones are in their place.
What are some signs of a physical change? A chemical change?
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16.6 The Periodic TableMost elements are metals
Metals are malleable, which means they can be bent without breaking. They are also ductile, meaning they can be drawn into wires.
Nonmetals are on the right side, they are poor conductors or electricity and heat, and are brittle.
Only 6 elements are metalloids, which have both metallic and nonmetallic properties.
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Elements are also organized into periods and groups
Each horizontal row is called a periodEach vertical column is called a group
Periodic trend- as you move across a period the properties of elements gradually change
The properties of elements in the same group are very similar
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The transition metals include some of the most familiar and important elements. (Ex: Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Ag, Au
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16.7 Elements to CompoundsElements are made up of the same type of atom,
Compounds are made up of 2 or more elements. (Ex: H2O)
A chemical formula shows what elements and how many of each make up a compound.
The physical and chemically properties of compounds are completely different from the properties of the elements that make it up.