chapter 16 applets and multimedia

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6 1

Chapter 16 Applets and Multimedia

Chapter 12 GUI Basics

Chapter 14 Event-Driven Programming

Chapter 15 Creating User Interfaces

§10.2, “Abstract Classes,” in Chapter 10

Chapter 13 Graphics

Chapter 16 Applets and Multimedia

§10.4, “Interfaces,” in Chapter 10


Objectives To explain how the Web browser controls and executes applets (§ 15.2). To describe the init, start, stop, and destroy methods in the Applet class (§

15.2). To know how to embed applets in Web pages (§ 15.4). To run applets from appletviewer and from Web browsers (§ 15.4). To pass string values to applets from HTML (§ 15.5). To write a Java program that can run as both an application and an applet (§

15.6). To get image files using the URL class and display images in the panel (§ 15.9

Optional). To develop a reusable component ImageViewer to display images (§ 15.10

Optional). To get audio files and play sound (§ 15.12 Optional). To package and deploy Java projects using Java archive files (§ 15.13

Optional). To use Swing pluggable look-and-feel (§ 15.14 Optional).


The Applet Classpublic class MyApplet extends java.applet.Applet { ... /** The no-arg constructor is called by the browser when the Web page containing this applet is initially loaded, or reloaded */ public MyApplet() { ... } /** Called by the browser after the applet is loaded */ public void init() { ... } /** Called by the browser after the init() method, or every time the Web page is visited */ public void start() { ... } /** Called by the browser when the page containing this applet becomes inactive */ public void stop() { ... } /** Called by the browser when the Web browser exits */ public void destroy() { ... } /** Other methods if necessary... */}


The Applet Class, cont.

When the applet is loaded, the Web browser creates an instance of the applet by invoking the applet’s no-arg constructor. The browser uses the init, start, stop, and destroy methods to control the applet. By default, these methods do nothing. To perform specific functions, they need to be modified in the user's applet so that the browser can call your code properly.


Browser Calling Applet Methods

Browser invokes start()

Destroyed

Browser invokes destroy()

Browser invokes stop()

Loaded

Initialized

Browser invokes init()

Started Stopped

Created

Browser creates the applet

JVM loads the applet class

Browser invokes stop()

Browser invokes start()


The init() Method

Invoked when the applet is first loaded and again if the applet is reloaded.

A subclass of Applet should override this method if the subclass has an initialization to perform. The functions usually implemented in this method include creating new threads, loading images, setting up user-interface components, and getting string parameter values from the <applet> tag in the HTML page.


The start() Method

Invoked after the init() method is executed; also called whenever the applet becomes active again after a period of inactivity (for example, when the user returns to the page containing the applet after surfing other Web pages).

A subclass of Applet overrides this method if it has any operation that needs to be performed whenever the Web page containing the applet is visited. An applet with animation, for example, might use the start method to resume animation.


The stop() MethodThe opposite of the start() method, which is called when the user moves back to the page containing the applet; the stop() method is invoked when the user moves off the page.

A subclass of Applet overrides this method if it has any operation that needs to be performed each time the Web page containing the applet is no longer visible. When the user leaves the page, any threads the applet has started but not completed will continue to run. You should override the stop method to suspend the running threads so that the applet does not take up system resources when it is inactive.


The destroy() MethodInvoked when the browser exits normally to inform the applet that it is no longer needed and that it should release any resources it has allocated.

A subclass of Applet overrides this method if it has any operation that needs to be performed before it is destroyed. Usually, you won't need to override this method unless you wish to release specific resources, such as threads that the applet created.


The JApplet ClassThe Applet class is an AWT class and is not designed to work with Swing components. To use Swing components in Java applets, it is necessary to create a Java applet that extends javax.swing.JApplet, which is a subclass of java.applet.Applet. JApplet inherits all the methods from the Applet class. In addition, it provides support for laying out Swing components.


First Simple Applet

// WelcomeApplet.java: Applet for displaying a messageimport javax.swing.*;public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet { /** Initialize the applet */ public WelcomeApplet() { add(new JLabel("Welcome to Java", JLabel.CENTER)); }}

// WelcomeApplet.java: Applet for displaying a messageimport javax.swing.*;public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet { /** Initialize the applet */ public void init() { add(new JLabel("Welcome to Java", JLabel.CENTER)); }}


First Simple Applet<html>

<head>

<title>Welcome Java Applet</title>

</head>

<body>

<applet

code = "WelcomeApplet.class"

width = 350

height = 200>

</applet>

</body>

</html>

WelcomeAppletWelcomeApplet Run Applet ViewerRun Applet Viewer


Example: Using AppletsObjective: Compute Loans. The applet enables the user to enter the annual interest rate, the number of years, and the loan amount. Click the Compute Loan button, and the applet displays the monthly payment and the total payment.

LoanAppletLoanApplet Run Applet ViewerRun Applet Viewer


Writing Applets

Always extends the JApplet class, which is a subclass of Applet for Swing components.

Override init(), start(), stop(), and destroy() if necessary. By default, these methods are empty.

Add your own methods and data if necessary.

Applets are always embedded in anHTML page.


The <applet> HTML Tag<applet code=classfilename.class width=applet_viewing_width_in_pixels height=applet_viewing_height_in_pixels [archive=archivefile] [codebase=applet_url] [vspace=vertical_margin] [hspace=horizontal_margin] [align=applet_alignment] [alt=alternative_text]><param name=param_name1 value=param_value1></applet>


Passing Parameters to Applets

<applet code = "DisplayMessage.class" width = 200 height = 50><param name=MESSAGE value="Welcome to Java"> <param name=X value=20> <param name=Y value=20>alt="You must have a Java-enabled browser to view the applet"</applet>


Example: Passing Parameters to Java Applets

Objective: Display a message at a specified location. The message and the location (x, y) are obtained from the HTML source.

Run Applet ViewerRun Applet ViewerDisplayMessageDisplayMessage


Applications vs. Applets Similarities

– Since JFrame and JApplet both are subclasses of the Container class, all the user interface components, layout managers, and event-handling features are the same for both classes.

Differences

– Applications are invoked from the static main method by the Java interpreter, and applets are run by the Web browser. The Web browser creates an instance of the applet using the applet’s no-arg constructor and controls and executes the applet through the init, start, stop, and destroy methods.

– Applets have security restrictions

– Web browser creates graphical environment for applets, GUI applications are placed in a frame.


Security Restrictions on Applets Applets are not allowed to read from, or write to,

the file system of the computer viewing the applets.

Applets are not allowed to run any programs on the browser’s computer.

Applets are not allowed to establish connections between the user’s computer and another computer except with the server wherethe applets are stored.


Conversions Between Applications and Applets

Conversions between applications and applets are simple and easy.

You can always convert an applet into an application.

You can convert an application to anapplet as long as security restrictions arenot violated.


Example: Running a Program as an Applet and as an Application

Objective: Modify MessageApplet to enable it to run both as an applet and as an application.

Run as ApplicationRun as Application Run as AppletRun as Applet

DisplayMessageAppDisplayMessageApp


Case Study: TicTacToe

Cell

-token: char

+getToken():char

+setToken(token: char): void

#paintComponent(g: Graphics): void

+mouseClicked(e: MouseEvent): void

JPanel -char token +getToken +setToken +paintComponet +mouseClicked

Token used in the cell (default: ' ').

Returns the token in the cell.

Sets a new token in the cell.

Paints the token in the cell.

Handles a mouse click on the cell.

Optional


Case Study: TicTacToe, cont.

Run as AppletRun as AppletTicTacToeTicTacToe Run as ApplicationRun as Application

1

9

TicTacToe

-whoseTurn: char

-cell: Cell[][]

-jlblStatus: JLabel

+TicTacToe()

+isFull(): boolean

+isWon(token: char): boolean

JApplet -char token +getToken +setToken +paintComponet +mouseClicked

Cell -char token +getToken +setToken +paintComponet +mouseClicked

Indicates which player has the turn, initially 'X'.

A 3 by 3, two dimensional array for cells.

A label to display game status.

Constructs the TicTacToe user interface.

Returns true if all cells are filled.

Returns true if a player with the specified token has won.


Objective: Write an applet that displays a ball bouncing in a panel. Use two buttons to suspend and resume the movement and use a scroll bar to control the bouncing speed.

OptionalCase Study: Bouncing Ball


Case Study: Bouncing Ball, cont.

BallBall BallControlBallControl BounceBallAppBounceBallApp RunRun

BounceBallApp +BounceBallApp() +main(args: String[]): void

JApplet -char token +getToken +setToken +paintComponet +mouseClicked

BallControl -ball: Ball -jsbDelay: JScrollBar -jbtResume: JButton -jbtSuspend: JButton +BallControl()


Ball -x: int -y: int -dx: int -dy: int -radius: int -delay: int -timer: Timer +Ball() +suspend(): void +resume(): void +setDelay(delay: int): void


1 1 1 1


Locating Resource from Applets

Due to security restrictions, applets cannot access local files. How can an applet load resource files for image and audio?


You used the ImageIcon class to create an icon from an image file and the setIcon method or the constructor to place the image in a GUI component, such as a button and a label. For example, the following statements create an ImageIcon and set it on an JLabel object jlbl.

ImageIcon imageIcon = new ImageIcon("c:\\book\\image\\us.gif");jlbl.setIcon(imageIcon);

This approach suffers a problem. The file location is fixed since it uses the absolute file path on Window. Thus, the program cannot run on other platforms and cannot run as applet.

Creating ImageIcon Using Absolute File Names


Assume that image/us.gif is under the class directory, you can circumvent this problem by using a relative path as follows:

ImageIcon imageIcon = new ImageIcon("image/us.gif");jlbl.setIcon(imageIcon);

This works fine with Java applications on all platforms, but does not work with Java applets because applets cannot load local files. To make it to work with both applications and applets, you need to locate the file using the URL class.

Creating ImageIcon Using Relative File Names


Locating Resource Using the URL Class The java.net.URL class can be used to identify files (image, audio, text, etc.) on the Internet. In general, a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a pointer to a “resource” on the World Wide Web on a local machine or a remote host. A resource can be something as simple as a file or a directory.

An URL for a file can also be accessed by class code in a way that is independent of the location of the file as long as the file is located in the class directory. Recall that the class directory is where the class (i.e., the .class file) is stored. For example, all the classes in this book are stored in c:\book. So the class directory is c:\book.


Creating a URL from a Class ReferenceAs discussed in §9.11.5, “The getClass Method,” when a class is loaded, the JVM creates a meta-object for the class, which can be obtained using

java.lang.Class metaObject = this.getClass();

The Class class provides access to useful information about the class, such as the data fields, constructors, and methods. It also contains the getResource(filename) method, which can be used to obtain the URL of a given file name in the class directory.

To obtain the URL of a file in the class directory, use

URL url = metaObject.getResource(filename);

For example, suppose the class directory is c:\book, the following statements create a URL for c:\book\image\us.gif.

Class metaObject = this.getClass();URL url = metaObject.getResource("image/us.gif");

You can now create an ImageIcon using

ImageIcon imageIcon = new ImageIcon(url);


Displaying Image

Write a program that displays an image from /image/us.gif in the class directory on a panel.

DisplayImageWithURLDisplayImageWithURL RunRun


Creating AudioClip from an Audio FileTo play an audio file in an applet, first create an audio clip object for the audio file. The audio clip is created once and can be played repeatedly without reloading the file. To create an audio clip, use the static method newAudioClip() in the java.applet.Applet class:

AudioClip audioClip = Applet.newAudioClip(url);

Audio was originally used with Java applets. For this reason, the AudioClip interface is in the java.applet package.

The following statements, for example, create an AudioClip for the beep.au audio file in the same directory with the class you are running.

Class class = this.getClass();URL url = class.getResource("beep.au");AudioClip audioClip = Applet.newAudioClip(url);


Playing Audio

To manipulate a sound for an audio clip, use the play(), loop(), and stop() methods in java.applet.AudioClip.

DisplayImagePlayAudioDisplayImagePlayAudio RunRun

«interface»

java.applet.AudioClip

+play()

+loop()

+stop()

Starts playing this audio clip. Each time this method is called, the clip is restarted from the beginning.

Plays the clip repeatedly.

Stops playing the clip.


Multimedia Animation

ImageAudioAnimationImageAudioAnimation Run as an ApplicationRun as an Application


Packaging and Deploying Java Projects

What is JAR?

Java archive file can be used to group all the project files in a compressed file for deployment.

The Java archive file format (JAR) is based on the popular ZIP file format.

This single file can be deployed on an end-user’s machine as an application. It also can be downloaded to a browser in a single HTTP transaction, rather than opening a new connection for each piece. This greatly simplifies application deployment and improves the speed with which an applet can be loaded onto a web page and begin functioning.

Optional


Creating JAR You can use the JDK jar command to create an archive file. The following command creates an archive file named TicTacToe.jar for classes TicTacToe.class and TicTacToe$Cell.class.

jar -cf TicTacToe.jar TicTacToe.class TicTacToe$Cell.class

The -c option is for creating a new archive file, and the -f option specifies the archive file’s name.

Optional


Viewing the Contents of a JAR FileYou can view the contents of a .jar file using

WinZip.

Optional


Manifest FileA manifest file was created with the path name meta-inf\. The manifest is a special file that contains information about the files packaged in a JAR file. For instance, the manifest file in TicTacToe.jar contains the following information:

Manifest-Version: 1.0 Name: TicTacToe.classJava-Bean: True Name: TioTacToe$Cell.classJava-Bean: True

You can modify the information contained in the manifest file to enable the JAR file to be used for a variety of purposes. For instance, you can add information to specify a main class to run an application using the .jar file.

Optional


Running Archived Projects StandaloneThe manifest file must have an entry to contain the main class. For example, to run TicTacToe, you need to insert the following two lines in the manifest file:

Main-Class: TicTacToeSealed: true

Run the .jar file using the java command from the directory that contains TicTacToe.jar,

java -jar TicTacToe.jar

TIP: You can write an installation procedure that creates the necessary directories and subdirectories on the end-user’s computer. The installation can also create an icon that the end-user can double-click on to start the program. For information on creating Windows desktop icon, please see www.prenhall.com/liang/intro5e.html.

Optional


Running Archived Projects As AppletTo run TicTacToe as an applet, modify the <APPLET> tag in the HTML file to include an ARCHIVE attribute. The ARCHIVE attribute specifies the archive file in which the applet is contained. For example, the HTML file for running TicTacToe can be modified as shown below:

<APPLET CODE = "TicTacToe.class" ARCHIVE = "TicTacToe.jar" WIDTH = 400 HEIGHT = 300 HSPACE = 0 VSPACE = 0 ALIGN = Middle></APPLET>

Optional


Pluggable Look-and-FeelThe pluggable look-and-feel feature lets you design a single set of GUI components that automatically has the look-and-feel of any OS platform. The implementation of this feature is independent of the underlying native GUI, yet it can imitate the native behavior of the native GUI. Currently, Java supports the following three look-and-feel styles: · Metal · Motif · Windows

Optional


Setting Look-And-FeelThe javax.swing.UIManager class manages the look-and-feel of the user interface. You can use one of the following three methods to set the look-and-feel for Metal, Motif, or Windows:

UIManager.setLookAndFeel (UIManager.getCrossPlatformLookAndFeelClassName()); UIManager.setLookAndFeel (new com.sun.java.swing.plaf.motif.MotifLookAndFeel());UIManager.setLookAndFeel (new com.sun.java.swing.plaf.windows.WindowsLookAndFeel());

Optional


Setting Look-And-Feel in Static Initialization Block

To ensure that the setting takes effect, the setLookAndFeel method should be executed before any of the components are instantiated. Thus, you can put the code in a static block, as shown below:

static { try { // Set a look-and-feel, e.g., //UIManager.setLookAndFeel // (UIManager.getCrossPlatformLookAndFeelClassName()); } catch (UnsupportedLookAndFeelException ex) {} }

Static initialization blocks are executed when the class is loaded. For more information on static initialization blocks, please refer to Section 8.12, “Initialization Block.”

Optional

chapter 16 applets and multimedia

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