Chapter 15 Outline Section 3 Protestant Reformation I. Era of Reform A. Reformation 1. Northern Humanists argued RCC had lost spirituality 2. Started reform movement that would split the church B. Causes 1. Church more interested in income than individuals soul. 2. Humanists wanted new emphasis in faith & spirituality a. Church ignored concerns b. Humanists urged unhappy believers to start own meetings. > C. The Beginning 1. First break from Catholic church in Germany (Holy Roman Empire) a. more favorable political situation 1) Princes control over 300 independent states 2) weak rulers could not control ideas b. Johann Tetzel began selling indulgences to raise money for church 1) used as way to buy way out of sins 2) outraged humanists II. Martin Luther A. Luther 1. Critic of Tetzel 2. Quit law school, entered monastery a. in search of salvation 3. Received revelation a. becomes basis of new religion b. only with faith can one be saved Not good deeds 1)Ceremonies and good deeds didnt save a sinner B. Luthers Protest 1. Tetzel giving false promises to forgive a. challenged Tetzel w/ 95 Thesis 1) attacked Indulgences 2) nailed to church door in Wittenberg b. news spread fast across Europe c. Luther wanted reform, not to start new religion 1)church leaders turned against him 2)Thought church only cared about making a profit. C. Break with the Church 1. Luther starts to disagree with many church practices a. believed the bible should be the sole authority 1) not the pope or bishops d. God views all those with faith equally 2. Used the printing press to spread ideas a. Attacks church practices b. Pope Leo X declares Luther a heretic 1) gets excommunicated from Catholic church 3. HREmperor Charles V tries Luther (like in court) a. Special meeting of rulers 1) Diet of Worms (meeting with HRE rulers) b. Commands Luther to abandon ideas 1) Luther refuses 2) Luther is declared an outlaw c. Luther flees to Saxony to hide (home state) 1)Under protection of Frederick the Wise 2)Translates bible into German for all Germans to read. D. Protestantism 1. Charles V continues to oppose Luther a. tried to stop the spread of Protestantism b. Supporters of Luther protested the treatment to Luther. Called Protestants 2. Luthers ideas continue to spread a.eventually starts Lutheran Church 3. Organization kept simple a. Priests not as important as in Catholic Church b. Believed all capable of reading the bible and interrupt for themselves. III. The Spread of Protestantism A. The Spread 1. German rulers establish churches in their own states 2. Emperor Charles V tried to stop the spread a. Sent armies against German princes who supported Luther b. won battles but could not defeat c. Peace of Augsburg 1)Compromise w/princes, each German ruler could choose religion for their state 2) Citizens could accept or move 3) Most chose Luthers B. Rise of Sects 's of new religious groups in Germany & Switzerland 2. Not organized churches 3. Most all died out Branches of Christianity Approximately 43,000 Christian denominations in the world today. C. Anglican Church 1. Henry VIII caused break from Catholicism a. had defended church against Luther. Strong supporter of Catholic faith. b. Started when Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon 1) no male heirs, just a daughter 2) wanted to marry Anne Boleyn c. Pope Clement VII refused request 1) Henry angered 2) Breaks away from the Catholic Church d. Creates Church of England 1) called Anglican Church 2) King is head 3) Keeps Catholic beliefs & practices a) eventually adopts some Protestant beliefs e. Henry gives himself a divorce 1) had 6 wives, eventually gets a son IV. Calvinism Protestant movement A. Vicar Huldrych Zwingli 1. Influenced by Erasmus 2. Pushed for reforms started Protestant movement. 3. Shared many views with Luther, some disagreements a. about forms of worship b. use of religious images c. Believed in the rights of the individual. B. John Calvins Church 1. Continued Zwinglis work 2. Founded own Protestant church 3. Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion a. explained his religions beliefs b. strengthened members against opposition and persecution 4. Believed in idea of predestination a. God predetermined who would be saved the elect 5. Calvinism became official religion of Geneva a. Geneva becomes a Theocracy Govt ruled by religious leaders. b. Religious leaders claimed Gods authority C. Spread of Calvinism 1. Many in France convert a. French nobles who convert are called Huguenots b. France still primarily Catholic 1) Catholic monarchs think Huguenots a threat c. Civil wars fought between Huguenots and Catholics 1) Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV to end wars. Granted Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights