Chapter 15Introduction to Exercise

Modalities

Objectives

• Define and describe the safe and effective use of selected exercise training methods, including various forms of resistance and proprioceptive modalities.

• Describe how these exercise training modalities can safely and effectively be incorporated into a training program for a variety of clients.

• Describe how these exercise training modalities can be systematically used within the Optimum Performance

Training (OPT™) Model.

Resistance Training Modalities

• Strength-Training Machines– Offer ease of use, require very little skills or training to become

proficient in using– Fail to accommodate both upper and lower body movements at

the same time– Not designed to fit all body types– Work only in one plane of motion at a time– Best for beginners and special needs clients

Free Weights

• Can be used to emphasize certain muscle groups, or target multiple muscle groups– Can improve athletic performance– Can challenge the core stabilization system– May require a spotter– May be too difficult for beginning clients to perform until exercise

technique is mastered– Requires multiple dumbbells or barbells to change intensity

(load)

Cable Machines & Tubing

• Cable machines offer a variety of fitness and sports performance benefits because they allow similar freedom of movement as free weights, yet most exercises do not require a spotter.

• Elastic resistance training is an inexpensive alternative to training with resistance. Various forms of elastic resistance training can be used to help improve proprioceptive demands, muscular endurance, and joint stabilization.

Medicine Balls

• Can be used with a variety of populations• Can be thrown, caught, used to provide resistance in

several planes of motion• Excellent modality for use in explosive movements and

workouts, allow client to move explosively without having to decelerate.

Kettlebell Training

• Flat bottomed cast ball with a handle made popular by Russian army

• Enhanced athleticism, coordination, and balance– Increased mental focus and physical stamina– Increased oxygen uptake– Increased total body conditioning as opposed to

isolation training

Kettlebell Program Design Strategies

• Kettlebells require advanced skill and proficiency controlling multiple joints in multiple planes of motion with a heavy emphasis on posterior chain movements

Body Weight Training

• Body weight exercises are exercises that do not require additional load such as dumbbells, barbells, or strength-training machines. An individual’s own body weight along with gravity provides the resistance for the movement.

• Push Ups, Squats, Sit Ups, Pull-Ups are classic examples

Suspension Body Weight Training

• Suspension body weight trainers are an innovative approach to body-weight fitness training that uses a system of ropes and webbing that allows the user to work against their own body weight while performing various exercises.– Suspension movements are distinguished from traditional

exercises in that either the user’s hands or feet are supported by a single anchor point while the opposite end of the body is in contact with the ground

Suspension Body Weight Training

– Increased muscle activation– Low compressive loads to the spine– Increased performance– Potential increase in caloric expenditure– Improvements in cardiovascular fitness

Proprioceptive Modalities

• Stability Balls– Proper use of stability balls allows for increases in strength and

stability of the core musculature when substituted for more stable surfaces such as exercise benches, chairs, and the floor .

– The spherical shape of the ball creates an unstable base of support, forcing users to constantly adjust their body position to the subtle movements of the ball.

Bosu Balls

• The BOSU ball is an inflated rubber hemisphere attached to a solid plastic surface. It looks like a stability ball cut in half.– Training with the BOSU ball offers the ability to increase the

intensity of an exercise by decreasing the stability. – Unlike the stability ball, the BOSU ball is relatively safe to stand

on, so it is a practical device to train with to target lower limb balance and stability.

Vibration Training

– Vibration training is typically performed on a platform that generates (mainly) vertical sinusoidal vibrations (a smooth repetitive oscillation) that stimulate muscle contractions that are comparable to the tonic vibration reflex.

– Vibration training manipulates acceleration, therefore creating an environment in which the body is stimulated to increase strength as a result of higher g-forces

Benefits of Vibration Training

• Improving circulation and cardiovascular function– Alleviation of muscle soreness– Weight reduction and increased metabolism– Increasing bone density– Increasing flexibility and range of motion– Improving overall well-being and potentially

reducing the symptoms of Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, and fibromyalgia

Summary

– Proprioception is defined as the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements.

– Improving the speed and quality of this information enhances motor learning and improves movement patterns and overall performance.

– Popular proprioceptive modalities used within the fitness industry include stability balls, BOSU balls, and whole-body vibration platforms.

– All of these modalities can be easily implemented into the OPT Model.