chapter 15 body systems
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 15 Body Systems. Integumentary System. Includes skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Skin. Serves a number of vital functions that are critical to your very survival. There are 6 functions of the skin: Waterproof Regulates body temperature A major sense organ - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Includes skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
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Serves a number of vital functions that are critical to your very survival.
There are 6 functions of the skin:WaterproofRegulates body temperatureA major sense organBody’s 1st line of defense against pathogensProtects against UV raysProtects internal organs
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1. Epidermis: Outer most layerDead cells shed when clothing rubs your skin or
when you wash.
2. Dermis: Inner layer of skinMade up of connective tissue.Gives skin its elasticity, or spongy, flexible quality.
3. Hydodermis: Not part of skinAttaches skin to bone and muscle
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Sebaceous(sih-BAY-shuhs) glands: Structures within the skin that produce an oily
secretion called sebum.
Sweat glands: perspiration
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Ringworm: a common fungal infection that affects various parts of the body.
Athlete’s Foot: a fungal infection of the skin between the toes.
Boils: an inflamed pus-filled area of the skin. Usually infecting a hair follicle.
Warts: contagious growths on the outer layer of the skin caused by viruses.
Moles: small, round, slightly thickened, brown to dark brown spots on the skin.
Callus: an area of thickened skin that forms as a result of regular of continued friction or pressure.
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5 functions:1. Allows movement2. Provides a supporting framework3. Protects organs4. Storage place for essential body minerals5. Produce red and white blood cells
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CartilageStrong flexible materialProvides smooth movement
OssificationCartilage forming into a bone
LigamentsBone to Bone
TendonBone to Muscle
JointsWhere two bones meet
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Hinge:Move back and forth in one plane (Knee, Elbow)
Ball & Socket:Allows most movement (Shoulder)
Pivot:One bone rotates around another (Head on Spine)
Gliding:Slide over one another (Hand and Foot)
Partially Movable:Limited movement (Vertebrae)
Immovable:Fixed, Does NOT move (Skull)
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OsteoporosisResults from a loss of calcium in the bone.
ScoliosisLateral or side to side curvature of the spine.
FracturesAny type of break in the bone
Simple: Doesn’t stick out of skin Compound: Broken bone protrudes through skin
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Moving BonesPumping BloodMoving food through digestive systemControlling air movement in and out of lungs
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Voluntary: Skeletal musclesYou control these muscles
Example: Bicep, tricepInvoluntary: Smooth muscles
You do NOT control these musclesExample: Stomach, intestines,
esphagusCardiac:
Heart muscle
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Acute – NewExamples: Sprain, strain
Treatment: RICEChronic – Old/recurring
Examples: Arthritis, old sprain, strainTreatment: heat before activity, ice after
Sprains & Strains1st degree: Few fibers torn2nd degree: ½ - ¾ torn – out for 2 days to 2
weeks3rd degree: Complete tear - Surgery
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R – RestI – IceC – CompressionE - Elevation
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Bag: 20 minutes every 2 hours – bag directly on skin
Ice cup: Dixie cup frozen with ice – peel and massage small area
Ice bucket: Bucket full of ice – add water – 20 minutes in the bucket
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Your nervous system is the body’s communication network and control system.
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Homeostasis: Keeping the body and its systems in balance.
Senses: Controls sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
Consciousness: Makes you aware of the things around you.
Memory: Your ability to remember things.Emotions: Controls how you deal with things.Intelligence: Controls your capacity to learn
things.
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Divided in 3 divisions.
Central Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System
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Includes:BrainSpinal Cord
Functions:Takes in informationComputes that informationTransmits a response to the body
Example:Making a decision on something causing movement
of a body part.
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Includes:12 pair of cranial nerves (head)31 pair of spinal nerves (off spinal cord)
Function:Carries impulses for movement from the brain out
to the body parts.
Example: Then carries impulses for sensations from body parts back to the brain.
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Includes:Sympathetic Nerves: Speeds up organs or
prepares them for something. (starts the digestive system)
Para sympathetic Nerves: Shuts the organ down after it has been used. (shuts down the digestive system)
Functions:Regulates internal organs of the body
Example:Speeds up heart to beat faster and breathe
faster
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The brain is the largest, most complex part of the nervous system. It weighs about 3 pounds and contains almost 100 billion neurons. Your brain helps you:Receive messagesThinkRememberReasonCoordinate your muscle movementsEmotionsSenses
The Brain
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CerebrumThe largest part of the brain.Divided into 2 identical halves called the
cereberal hemispheres.Right hemisphere: Controls muscular activity
and receives sensory input from the left half of the body.
Left hemisphere: Controls the muscular activity and receives sensory input from the right half of the body.
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4 lobesFrontal lobe controls voluntary
movements, motivation, mood, and aggression.
Parietal lobe is involved with a wide variety of sensory information-heat, cold, pain, touch, and body position in space.
Occipital lobe contains the sense of vision.Temporal lobe contains the senses of
hearing and smell, as well as memory, thought, and judgment.
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Spinal CordAn extension of the brain that also controls REFLEXES!
Simple reflex: Knee jerk reflexThe impulse does not go all the way to the brain so it
saves times and acts as a protective reflex.You do not learn these – You have them.
Conditioned reflex: Acquired from past experienceEx. Mouth watering before you eat, nervous at scary
music in a movie, phobias from fearsHabits: When an impulse travels the same pathway so
much you react without really knowing it.Conscious: Separates us from others.
Ex. Ability to think and reason, right and wrong, learning to read
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Digestive System
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OrgansMouthPharynxEsophagusStomachSmall intestineLarge intestineLiverGallbladderPancreas
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FunctionsDigestion: Breaks down food into molecules
that the body can use.Mechanical digestion: foods are physically
broken apart into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion: Chemicals produced by
your body break large molecules into smaller ones that your body can use.
Absorption: Process by which nutrients pass through the lining of your digestive system into your blood.
Elimination: Materials that are not absorbed are eliminated from the body as waste.
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Cardiovascular System
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FunctionsDelivering Materials to cellsRemoving wastes from cellsFight disease
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The HeartEach side has 2
chambers.The upper chamber
called the atrium. Receives the blood entering the heart.
The lower chamber called the ventricle. Pump the blood out of heart.
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BloodPlasma: The liquid component of the
blood.Red blood cells: Cells that carry oxygen
from the lungs to all the parts of your body.
White blood cells: Help protect you against diseases and foreign substances.
Platelets: Cell fragments that play an important role in the blood clotting process.
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Blood Types