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Chapter 15 Tracing Evolutionary History

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Page 1: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Chapter 15

Tracing Evolutionary History

Page 2: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM)

2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids

3. Packaging of molecules and polymers into « protocells »

4. Self-replication of molecules necessary for « inheritance »

How Did Life Arise?

Page 3: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Early Earth Conditions

2. Early photosynthetic Bacteria forming Stromatoliths

1. Reducing atmosphere including water vapour, CO2, CH4, NH3, H2, H2S2, Nitrogen & its sulfids

Page 4: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

The Miller Experiment

Mixture of gases simulating atmospheres of early Earth

Spark simulating lightning storms

Condensation chamber

Cold water cools chamber, causing droplets to form

Water vapor

Liquid containing amino acids and other organic compounds

1

2

3

4

Page 5: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Miller’s Experiment Revisited

Page 6: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Analysis of a 4.5 BY-old meteorite that landed in Australia in 1968 contains 80 types of amino acids, lipids, simple surgars and uracil

Alternate Theory for the Appearance of Amino Acids

Page 7: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Formation of ProtocellsMembrane-enclosed

vesicles form when lipids are mixed with water

Adding clay increase rate of vesicle formation while organic molecules concentrate on the surface of the clay

Page 8: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

RNA monomers form short RNA polymersAssembly of complementary RNA chain, may

have been the first step in the replication of the original « gene »?

RNA formed the first genes?

Page 9: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Endosymbiosis

Learn.Genetics –U of Utah

Page 10: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Major Advances in Life History

Page 11: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Tree of Life

Page 12: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules
Page 13: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules
Page 14: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules
Page 15: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Use the ages of rocks to identify the ages of fossils found in them

Use radiometric dating

Carbon-14 for young fossils (½ life of 5730 years)

Potassium-40 for older fossils (½ life of 1.3 BY)

How do we know?

Page 16: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Geological Record

Page 17: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Plate Tectonics which caused continental drift causes allopatric speciation

Mass Extinctions wiped out many species at a time which allowed survivors to thrive with less competition/predation

Adaptive Radiation – usually following mass extinctions

« Evo-devo » – slight genetic changes can cause drastic morphological differences b/w species

Mechanisms of Macroevolution

Page 18: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Earth’s Tectonic Plates

Page 19: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Continental DriftSpecies became

separated as the continents drifted, then evolved separately

Page 20: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Lungfish Distribution

Page 21: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules
Page 22: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Mass Extinctions

Page 23: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules
Page 24: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Adaptive Radiation of Mammals after the Cretaceous Mass Extinction

Page 25: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Changes in Rate and Timing

Changes in Spactial Pattern

New Genes and Changes in Genes

Changes in Gene Regulation

EVO-DEVO (interface b/w evolutionary biology and developmental biology)

Page 26: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Paedomorphosis – adults that present some juvenille characteristic of an ancestral species

Example : This sexually mature Axoloti is a salamander that retained external gills instead of developing lungs in adulthood

Changes in Rate and Timing

Page 27: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Genes for prognathism are turned off early in humans, while the brain continues to develop at a faster rate after birth

Changes in Rate and Timing cont...

Page 28: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Changes in homeotic genes (HOX genes) or in how or where they are expressed changes body form

Changes in Spatial Pattern

Page 29: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Duplications of HOX genes and subsequent mutations allow for novel characteristics

Two duplications of the hox gene clusters seem to have occured in during the evolution of invertebrates to vertebrates allowing for backbones, jaws and limbs.

New Genes and Changes in Genes

Page 30: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Changes in Gene Regulation

Page 31: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Thought to be only one origin of light-sensitive cells shared among all animals with the capacity to detect light

Evolution of the Eye

Page 32: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

A particular structure can become adapted for alternative functions

Feathers were probably used for mating rituals or thermoregulation in dinosaurs, but eventually became adapted for flight

Exaptation

Page 33: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Evolutionary trends depend on the interaction of the organism and their current environment

If the environment changes, the trend can change or even reverse

For example, without grasslands, there would not be a strong selection for grazers in horse ancestors

Evolution may not be GOAL-directed

Page 34: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Taxonomy

Page 35: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Phylogenic Trees (Cladograms)

Page 36: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Reading Phylogenic Trees

Page 37: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Creating Phylogenic Trees

Page 38: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Phylogentic Tree of LIFE!

Page 39: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Based on:

Shared characteristics

Molecular similarities (DNA or A.A. sequences)

Parsimony (simplest explanation is ususally the best)

Phylogenic Trees are Hypotheses

Page 40: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Genes that seem to have reliable rate of change over time can be used as molecular clocks

Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time

Page 41: Chapter 15. 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules (SOM) 2. Polymerization of SOM to form proteins and nucleic acids 3. Packaging of molecules

Commonly Used Molecular Clocks


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Polyamines: molecules with regulatory functions in plant abiotic

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Calcinated : SOM - , No-structure Undisturbed : SOM + , structure Sieved : SOM + , No-structure

Abiotic biotic

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Biotic & Abiotic Component

Abiotic factors – Notes

Biotic and Abiotic