Chapter 14 FIG 1

Figure 14.1 Conservation biology encompasses a broad range of biological and social studies to address issues and problems arising from and recognized through the use and management of natural resources. Adapted from Temple, 1991.

Chapter 14 FIG 2

Figure 14.2 World population growth during the last 2000 years.

Chapter 14 FIG 3

Figure 14.3 Disturbed and fragmented habitats. Clockwise from upper left: Tropical Amazon rain forest during the burning season (August) of 1987 in central Rondônia, Brazil—no rain forest remains in this area today (L. J. Vitt); desertification in progress due to overgrazing by goats in northern Kenya (C. K. Dodd, Jr.); former Guatamalan cloud forest (ca. 2000 feet elevation) converted to agriculture (C. K. Dodd, Jr.); stream (Lost Creek) in Alabama degraded from coal mine runoff. The federally protected flattened musk turtle lived in the stream (C. K. Dodd, Jr.).

Chapter 14 FIG 4

Figure 14.4 The cerrado of central Brazil is considered a biodiversity hot spot, yet it is being converted to agriculture at an alarming rate. Clockwise from upper left: Jalapão National Park looking out from isolated sand dune area; typical undisturbed cerrado in Jalapão National Park; cattle pasture (foreground) in area that was formerly dry forest (background) in Goías State; aerial view of cerrado in area in which most of the natural vegetation has been removed for agriculture or grazing (L. J. Vitt).

Chapter 14 FIG 5

Figure 14.5 Niche modeling of the distributions of cerrado squamate reptiles demonstrates high potential biodiversity. Continuing field studies in patches that remain relatively undisturbed can be used to test accuracy of predicted distributions. Adapted from Costa et al., 2007.

Chapter 14 FIG 6

Figure 14.6 Amphibian faunas in the Great Central Valley of California, USA. To document the faunal changes during the 20th century, over 1000 aquatic sites were surveyed between 1990–1992. The results are summarized in three bar diagrams showing the number of exotic species present, the number of native species lost, and the number still present in each county of the three major valley provinces. Only 3 of the 21 counties surveyed still have all members of their original amphibian fauna. The lightly stippled area denotes the valley oak–grassland habitat; the dark line marks the boundary between the valley provinces. Modified from Fisher and Shaffer, 1996.

Chapter 14 FIG 7

Figure 14.7 Large iguanian lizards in the genus Cyclura, such as this C. nublia, have experienced drastic population declines as a direct result of human activities. Photograph by C. Ken Dodd, Jr.

Chapter 14 FIG 8

Figure 14.8 Map of the West Indies showing population sizes for remaining land iguanas (Cyclura). Adapted from Pianka and Vitt, 2003.

Chapter 14 FIG 9

Figure 14.9 Hypothetical profiles of populations subjected annually to different levels of constant harvest. The values on the right indicate the number of individuals harvested annually. The profiles demonstrate the potential of sustainable-use harvesting; however, no abiotic or biotic perturbations are incorporated in the population-growth model, and natural populations would display fluctuations in population size. Modified from Caughley and Gunn, 1996.

Chapter 14 FIG 10

Figure 14.10 Female green sea turtle being prepared for market in Mexico. Note the large number of near-term eggs. (J. P. Caldwell)

Chapter 14 FIG 11

Figure 14.11 Increase in the abundance of the Coqui (Eleutherodactylus coqui) in Hawaii from 1997 to mid-2001. The rate of increase is exponential.Adapted from Kraus and Campbell, 2002.

Chapter 14 FIG 12

Figure 14.12 The timing of amphibian die-offs in Costa Rica and adjacent Panama, suggesting the spread of a virulent pathogen. The dates represent the sudden disappearance of frogs at Monte Verde and the appearance of dead and dying frogs at the other sites. Data from Lips, 1998, 1999; Pounds and Crump, 1992.

Chapter 14 FIG 13

Figure 14.13 The trematode Ribeiroia odatrae reproduces asexually inside aquatic snails (Planorbella sp.) and generates thousands of infectious cercaria (larvae). The cercaria burrow into developing limb buds of amphibians, forming metacercariae (cysts). These interfere with limb development, causing deformities, and it is believed that these deformed froglets may be more susceptible than normal frogs to predation by birds. When a bird eats an infected frog, the metacercariae develop into sexually reproducing parasites that release eggs back into the water, where they hatch and again infect aquatic snails, completing the life cycle. Adapted from Blaustein and Johnson, 2003.

Chapter 14 FIG 14

Figure 14.14 Relationships between amphibian declines and environmental factors are complex and undoubtedly vary among populations. This flow diagram shows how parasites, artificial pond eutrophication, UV radiation, and pesticides interact to cause declines. Adapted from Blaustein and Johnson, 2003.

Chapter 14 FIG 15

Figure 14.15 The inadequacy of the federally mandated terrestrial buffer zones to protect U.S. wetlands. The schematic diagram shows terrestrial use by three species of semiaquatic turtles living in a 10-ha pond in southeastern South Carolina. The left diagram maps the nesting sites (solid inverted triangles) and hibernation sites (open inverted triangles); the right diagram illustrates various buffer-zone boundaries. Modified from Burke and Gibbons, 1994.

Chapter 14 FIG 16

Figure 14.16 Typical crocodile farm. (P. Ryan).

Chapter 14 FIG 17

Figure 14.17 Taxa involved in captive management and/or translocation programs: Alytes muletensis obstetricans (left; E. G. Crespo) and Anaxyrus houstonensis (right; D. B. Fenolio). The program has been successful for A. muletensis but unsuccessful for A. houstonensis.