Chapter 14.1

Trouble Ahead: The Emperor vs. the Pope Began with crowning of Charlemagne Otto I united Germany and part of Italy into

Holy Roman Empire (900’s-1100’s) Church was not happy with:

German power over Italy Use of lay investiture: ceremony in which

kings and noble appointed church officials Use of simony: the selling of positions in the

church 1075: Pope Gregory VII banned lay

investiture

Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VIIAfter Gregory banned lay investiture, Henry

ordered him to step downGregory then excommunicated HenryHenry went to Canossa in January 1077 and

stood barefoot in the snow for three days to beg Gregory’s forgiveness

The showdown didn’t solve anything1122: Concordat of Worms: compromise

saying Church could appoint Bishops but emperor could veto

ReformChurch was

reorganized to resemble a kingdom with pope at the top

Church enforced laws against simony and marriage of priests

Pope Gregory VII

New Religious OrdersDominicans

Franciscans Benedictines

Importance of helping poor and sick

These orders included women and men

Saint Francis of Assisi

CathedralsGothic- new style of

architecture during Middle Ages

Stained glass windows often told stories for illiterate peasants

Chartres (Cathedral of Notre-Dame)

Warm UpWhat were the three main problems that the Church wanted to reform?

AnswersLay investiture- process of nobles and kings appointing church officials

Simony- selling church positions

Marriage of priests- this was against the beliefs of the Church

CrusadesPope Urban II issued a call for the Crusades

(holy war) to gain control of the Holy LandGoals of Crusades

Reclaim Holy Land and reunite ChristendomKeep arguing knights busyYounger sons who did not inherit property

could gain position in society, adventure, or riches

Merchants loaned money to finance the Crusades

First CrusadeLarge outpouring of support from all Christians

Knights were ill-prepared and argued over a leader

Captured Jerusalem and won narrow strip of land

Second CrusadeTo win back Edessa

from the TurksEuropean army was

defeated Jerusalem was taken

by Saladin, a Kurdish leader

Third CrusadePhilip II of France

argued with Richard and went home

Frederick I drowned on the journey

Richard the Lionhearted battled with Saladin and eventually agreed to a truce

Crusading Spirit DwindlesIn 1204 the Fourth

Crusade to recapture Jerusalem fails because knights are too busy looting Constantinople

Children’s Crusade: In two separate movements, 50,000 children died from cold, starvation, or drowning or were sold into slavery

Spanish CrusadeReconquista: effort of Spanish to drive Muslim Moors out of Spain

Succeeded under Isabella and Ferdinand in late 1400’s.

• Isabella and Ferdinand used the Inquisition (Court held by Church to suppress heretics) to unify country and increase power

• Many Muslims and Jews converted but were still tried for heresy and burned at the stake

Effects of Crusades1. Increased trading between Europe and

Southwest Asia2. Role of women expanded to run estates or

businesses after men left for war3. Power of Pope lessened4. Power of feudal lords lessened and power of

kings increased5. Persecution of Muslims and Jews caused

legacy of hatred and bitterness6. Energy of Crusades also led to expansion of

trade, towns, and universities across medieval Europe