chapter 14 water: a limited resource - parkway schools water.pdf · importance of water water use...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14Water: A Limited Resource
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Overview of Chapter 14
� Importance of Water
� Water Use and Resource Problems
� Water Problems in US and Canada
� Global Water Problems
� Water Management
� Water Conservation
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Importance of Water
� Cooking & washing
� Agriculture
� Manufacturing
� Mining
� Energy production
� Waste disposal
� Use of freshwater is increasing
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Properties of Water
� Composed of 2 Hydrogen and 1 oxygen
� Exists as solid, liquid or gas
� High heat capacity
� Polar
� Forms Hydrogen bond between 2 water molecules
� H-bonds define water’s physical properties
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Properties of Water
� Water is never completely pure in nature
� Content of seawater (left)
� Many substances water dissolves cause water pollution
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Hydrologic Cycle
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Distribution of Water
� Only 2.5% of water on earth is freshwater
� 2% is in the form of ice!
� Only ~0.5% of water on earth is available freshwater
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Freshwater Terminology
� Surface water� Precipitation that remains on the surface and does
not seep into soil
� Runoff� Movement of surface water to lakes, rivers, etc.
� Watershed (drainage basin)� Land area that delivers water into a stream or river
system
� Groundwater� Freshwater under the earth’s surface stored in
aquifers
� Aquifer� Underground caverns and porous layers of sand,
gravel and rock in which groundwater is stored
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Freshwater Aquifer
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Water Use and Resource Problems
� Fall into Three Categories
� Too much water
� Too little water
� Poor quality/contamination (discussed in Chapter 22)
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Too Much Water
� Flooding
� Both natural and human-induced
� Modern floods are highly destructive
� Humans have removed water-absorbing plant cover from soil
� Humans construct buildings on floodplains
� Floodplain
� Area bordering a river channel that has the potential to flood
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Urban vs. Pre-Urban Floodplains
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� Rather than rebuild levees adjacent to rivers, experts suggest allowing some flooding of floodplains during floods (next slide)
Floodplain
� Government restrictions on building
� Levees can fail
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Left: Traditional levees adjacent to river
Right: Suggested levee style, set back from river
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Floods of Summer 2008
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Too Little Water
� Typically found in arid land
� Problems
� Drought
� Overdrawing water
� for irrigation
� purposes
� Aquifer depletion
� Subsidence
� Sinkholes
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Too Little Water
� Problems (continued)
� Saltwater Intrusion
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Water Problems In US and Canada
� US has a plentiful supply of freshwater
� Many areas have a severe shortages
� Geographical variations
� Seasonal variations
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� Water shortages in West and Southwest
� Water is diverted and transported via aqueducts
Water Problems In US and Canada
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Water Problems in US and Canada- Surface Water
� Mono Lake (Eastern CA)
� Rivers and streams that once fed this lake are diverted to Los Angeles (275 mi away)
� Becoming highly saline
� Court ordered water diversion reduction
� Colorado River Basin
� Provides water for 27-million people
� Numerous dams for Hydropower
� Colorado River no longer reaches ocean
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Colorado River bed in Mexico
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Water Problems in US and Canada—Groundwater
� Aquifer Depletion
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� Ogallala Aquifer
� High Plains
� Largest groundwater deposit in world
� Water withdrawn for agriculture faster than nature replaces it
Water Problems in US and Canada—Groundwater
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Global Water Problems
� Amount of freshwater on planet CAN meet human needs
� BUT, it is unevenly distributed and some places lack stable runoff
� Problems:
� Climate Change
� Drinking Water
� Population Growth
� Sharing Water Resources Among Countries
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Global Water Problems
� Water and Climate Change
� Climate change affects the type and distribution of precipitation
� Potential issues:
� Reduced snowfall will impact water resources downstream
� Sea level rise will cause saltwater intrusion into drinking water supplies
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Global Water Problems
� Drinking Water Problems
� Many developing countries have insufficient water to meet drinking and household needs
� Population Growth
� Increase in population means an increase in freshwater requirements
� Limits drinking water available
� Limits water available for agriculture (food)
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� Sharing Water Resources Among Countries
� Rhine River Basin (right)
� Countries upstream
discharged pollutants
into river
� Countries downstream
had to pay to clean the
water before they could
drink it
� Aral Sea (next slide)
� Water diversion for irrigation has caused sea to become too saline
Global Water Problems
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Aral Sea
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Global Water Problems
� Potentially Volatile International Water Situations
� Jordan River
� Nile River
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Water Management
� Main Goal: Provide sustainable supply of high-quality water
� Dams and Reservoirs
� Water Diversion Projects
� Desalinization
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Dams and Reservoirs
� Benefits:
� Ensure year-round supply of water with regulated flow
� Generate electricity
� Provide recreational activities
� Disadvantages
� Alter the ecosystem
� Reduce sediment load
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Dams and Reservoirs
� Glen Canyon Dam
� Regulated flow has changed ecosystem
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Dams and Reservoirs
� Salmon Population in Columbia R. very low due to dams that impede migration
� Fish ladders help, but are not effective enough
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Water Diversion Projects
� Water diverted to areas that are deficient
� Much of Southern CA receives its water supply from diverted water from Northern CA
� Controversial and expensive
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Desalinization
� Removal of salt from ocean or brackish water
� Two methods:
� Distillation- salt water is evaporated, and water vapor is condensed into freshwater
� Reverse Osmosis- involves forcing salt water through a membrane permeable to water, but not salt
� Very expensive
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Water Conservation
� Reducing Agricultural Water Waste
� Agriculture is very inefficient with water
� Microirrigation - irrigation that conserves water by piping to crops through
sealed systems
� Also called drip or
trickle irrigation
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Water Conservation
� Reducing Industrial Water Waste
� Stricter laws provide incentive to conserve water
� Water scarcity encourages further industrial recycling
� Potential to conserve water is huge
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Water Conservation
� Reducing Municipal Water Waste
� Gray Water
� Can be used to flush toilets, wash car or water lawn
� Water saving household fixtures
� Government incentives
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Conserving at Home
� Install water-saving shower heads and faucets
� Install low-flush toilets
� Fix leaky fixtures
� Purchase high efficiency appliances
� Modify personal habits
� Use the dishwasher instead of washing by hand
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Missouri River
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Effects of channelization
� 735 miles of the Missouri have been channelized resulting in the river being shortened by 72 miles
� 127 miles of shoreline habitat were lost in the process and 168,000 acres of new sediment were laid down as new land
� 354,000 acres of meander belt habitat were lost in the process most were converted to farmland
� Levees isolated wetlands and farmlands alike from their historic flood disturbance regime.
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What does that mean
� The Missouri is about 10% shorter meaning it falls the same elevation over less distance and flows faster. Ek=mv2 shows us that velocity is the most important factor in determining energy which determines erosive capability.
� As the photo sequence shows the river is also much narrower, this helps maintain the erosive energy that scours away sediment which helps keep the channel clean for barge traffic
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What does this mean for Flooding
� Same amount of land draining into a shorter, narrower ditch (the river) means that the water level rises faster in spite of the faster flow.
� Levees act as a depth magnifier and in turn back up secondary waterways