EUROPEAN FOOTHOLDS IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Chapter 14 Section 3

How Portugal Became Mighty

Portugal was the first European power to gain a foothold in Asia

Their ships were small but mighty:Their ships were small but great in numberTheir firepower on the ships (cannons) were

unmatched by any other country. Their naval might allowed them to

control the spice trade and build a trade empire in Asia.

Afonso de Albuquerque

Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire Afonso de Albuquerque was the next great

Portuguese naval leader after Vasco da Gama

He would have to compete with the Mughal empire in India.The Mughal empire was established by Muslim

leaders from central Asia. The Portuguese could easily trade with the

Princes in the southern regions of India, and made exclusive trade deals. (This means the princes would trade with no one else.)

A Rim of Trading Outposts The Portuguese seized the island of Goa

in 1510.A small island off of the coast of India.This island became their major military and

commercial stronghold. Lead by Albuquerque, they were

successful in destroying Arab cities and ships.

In 1511, they took the port of Malacca, and killed all of the city’s Muslims.

Goa

Their Power Grows In less than 50 years the Portuguese were

successful in creating a large trading empire.They built many trading outposts.

○ Distant areas rimming the southern seas of India, but not large cities.

○ These outposts allowed them to repair and resupply their ships during their voyages.

Control of cities and outposts allowed the Portuguese to dominate trade between Europe and Asia.

A Limited Impact

Despite Portugal’s sea power, they lacked the resources to make great inroads to the region.This means they could not invade/control

non-coastal areas. They also attempted to convert many of

the Muslims to Christianity, and were harsher than they were in Africa.i.e. Convert to Christianity…..Or Die….

The rise of the Dutch

Another Important National Anthem……

http://www.homestarrunner.com/sbemail32.html

The Netherlands!

Beware those in Wooden Shoes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UVSwcisZkA

Seriously now…

The Dutch were the first to challenge the Portuguese in Asia.

They were formerly part of the Holy Roman Empire, but post-reformation the protestants won independence.

Building a Mighty Sea Power

The first voyage from Amsterdam to Asia and back lasted slightly more than a year and was complete in 1599.

They returned with a litany of spices. After the first voyage was successful, they were driven to go get more.

Eventually the Dutch rose to be a naval superpower.

A Strategic Settlement

The biggest benefit to the Dutch was their settlement at Cape Town.

Cape Town was the first settlement in South Africa, which allowed them to secure trading routes around Africa.

A Powerful Company

In 1602 wealthy merchants got together to form the Dutch East India Company.A very powerful company who controlled

their sailing voyages because they were self funded.

Also, they had full sovereign powers.○ This means they were free from government

control.○ They were able to build armies, wage war,

negotiate treaties and establish their own governments.

Asserting Dominance

Remember the Portuguese port of Malacca?In 1641 the Dutch captured the port and

opened their trade with China.The capture of Malacca now established the

Dutch as the prominent traders with Asia. There were many similarities between

the Dutch and Portuguese.They used the military to further trade goals.They focused on friendships with area rulers.

Bellringer Questions

1. Which European nation was the 1st to gain a trading foothold in Asia?

2. Who lead the Portuguese Navy after da Gama

3. What caused Portugal’s demise in Asia?

4. What country rose to fill Portugal’s role in Asia?

5. True or False: Amsterdam is a country.

6. What powerful corporation was created in 1602? Why were they so powerful?

Spain and the Philippines

An Easy Conquering The Philippines (islands in Southeast Asia)

had been claimed by Magellan in the name of Spain in 1521.The Philippines became infinitely more

important as the Portuguese and the Dutch were colonizing areas around Asia.

Within 50 years, the Spanish had claimed all of the islands and renamed them after King Philip II

The people were easy to conquer because they were not united.

A Goal in the Philippines Spain followed the footsteps of the

Portuguese in Africa in the way they handled the Philippines.(No they didn’t kill everyone).They tried to convert all of the peoples to

Catholicism. These islands became a key foothold for a

Spanish trading empire.They would ship silver and gold from Mexico and

Peru to the islands, and then used the precious metals to buy goods in China.

The Mughal Empire

Mughal India and European Traders The Mughal empire had enjoyed

strength and peace for almost two centuries.

Europeans enjoyed trading with the court because they had a litany of luxury goods.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRpwVDBbbHo

A Center of Valuable Trade Mughal India was the center of several

coveted goods:SpicesSilkCotton

The Mughal were also stronger, richer, larger, and more powerful than any European kingdom.

An Empire Shatters

The Mughal empire began to weaken for several reasons:Conflicts between Hindu and Muslim

princes.Taxes rose, which spread corruption.As corruption spread, the different countries

and companies would create armies (of Indian troops called sepoys).

They would use these armies to fight for power.

Proxy Wars

In the 1700’s the British and French were becoming locked in a battle for global power.This fighting took place in India and

America.○ In India, the British would use their troops and

sepoys to drive out the French.○ The British then forced the Mughal emperor to

recognize their right to collect taxes in their colonies.

Take a wrist breakLets make sure your arms don’t fall off……

ENCOUNTERS IN EAST ASIA

Chapter 14 Section 4

Why China?

Portuguese ships first reached China from their base in Malacca in 1514.

To the Chinese, the Portuguese, like other foreigners, were barbarians. Europeans, by contrast, wrote

enthusiastically about China. In 1590, a visitor described Chinese artisans

“cleverly making devices out of gold, silver and other metals,” and wrote with approval: “They daily publish huge multitudes of books.”

The Ming Limit Trade The Portuguese wanted Chinese silks and porcelains,

but had little to offer in exchange. European textiles and metalwork were inferior to Chinese

products. The Chinese therefore demanded payment in gold or silver.

The Ming eventually allowed the Portuguese a trading post at Macao near Canton, present-day Guangzhou . Later, they let Dutch, English, and other Europeans trade with

Chinese merchants. Foreigners could trade only at Canton under the supervision

of imperial officials. ○ When each year’s trading season ended, they had to sail away.

Seeking Converts Portuguese missionaries arrived in China along

with the traders. In later years the Jesuits—from Spain, Italy, and

Portugal—arrived. Most Jesuits had a broad knowledge of many subjects,

and the Chinese welcomed the chance to learn about Renaissance Europe from these scholars.

The brilliant Jesuit priest Matteo Riccimade a particularly strong impression on the Chinese. ○ Still, Ricci and other priests had little success spreading

their religious beliefs in China. ○ They did, however, become important sources of

information for Europeans who knew little about China.

The Manchu Conquest

By the early 1600s, the aging Ming dynasty was decaying. Revolts erupted, and Manchu invaders from

the north pushed through the Great Wall. The Manchus ruled a region in the

northeast, Manchuria, that had long been influenced by Chinese civilization. In 1644, victorious Manchu armies seized

Beijing and made it their capital.

Founding the Qing Dynasty The Manchus set up a new dynasty called the Qing .

The Manchus won the support of Chinese scholar-officials because they adopted the Confucian system of government.

For each top government position, the Qing chose two people, one Manchu and one Chinese. ○ Local government remained in the hands of the Chinese, but Manchu troops

stationed across the empire ensured loyalty.

Two rulers oversaw the most brilliant age of the Qing. Kangxi, who ruled from 1661 to 1722, was an able administrator and

military leader. ○ He extended Chinese power into Central Asia and promoted Chinese culture.

Kangxi’s grandson Qianlong had an equally successful reign from 1736 to 1796. ○ He expanded China’s borders to rule the largest area in the nation’s history. ○ Qianlong retired after 60 years because he did not want to rule longer than

his grandfather had.

Spreading Peace and Prosperity

The Chinese economy expanded under both emperors.

New crops from the Americas, such as potatoes and corn, had been introduced into China. These crops boosted farm output, which in turn

contributed to a population boom. ○ China’s population rose from 140 million in 1740 to

over 300 million by 1800. The silk, cotton, and porcelain industries expanded. Internal trade grew, as did the demand for Chinese

goods from all over the world.

Rejecting Contact with Europeans The Qing maintained the Ming policy of

restricting foreign traders. Still, Europeans kept pressing to expand trade to

cities other than Guangzhou. In 1793, Lord Macartney arrived in China at the

head of a British diplomatic mission. He brought samples of British-made goods to

show the Chinese the advantages of trade with Westerners.

The Chinese, who looked on the goods as rather crude products, thought they were gifts offered as tribute to the emperor.

Korea the Hermit Kingdom Before the 1500s, Korean traders had far-

ranging contacts across East Asia. A Korean map from the 1300s accurately

outlines lands from Japan to the Mediterranean. Koreans probably acquired this knowledge from Arab

traders who had visited Korea. Like China, however, Korea restricted contacts with

the outside world in the 1500s and 1600s. The Choson dynasty firmly embraced Confucian

ideas. ○ The low status of merchants in Confucianism led

Koreans to look down on foreign traders.

In the 1590s, a Japanese invasion devastated Korea. Then in 1636, the Manchus conquered Korea. When the Manchus set up the Qing dynasty

in China, Korea became a tributary state, run by its own government but forced to acknowledge China’s supremacy.

The two invasions left Korea feeling, according to a Korean proverb, like “a shrimp among whales.”

In response, the Koreans chose isolation, excluding all foreigners except the Chinese and a few Japanese.

When European sailors were shipwrecked on Korean shores, they were imprisoned or killed. As a result, Korea became known in the West as

the “Hermit Kingdom.” Though Korea had few contacts with the

world for about 250 years, this period was a great age for Korean arts and literature.

Foreign Traders in Japan

Working with New Allies

Unlike the Chinese or Koreans, the Japanese at first welcomed Westerners.

In 1543, the Portuguese reached Japan, followed by the Spanish, Dutch, and English. They arrived at a turbulent time, when

Japanese daimyo were struggling for power. The daimyo quickly adopted Western firearms

which may have helped the Tokugawa shoguns centralize power and impose order.

Jesuits, such as the Spanish priest Francis Xavier, found the Japanese curious about Christianity. A growing number of Japanese adopted the new faith.

The Japanese also welcomed the printing press the Jesuits brought. The Tokugawa shoguns, however, grew increasingly hostile

toward foreigners. After learning that Spain had seized the Philippines, they may

have seen the newcomers as threats. They also worried that Japanese Christians—who may have

numbered as many as 300,000—owed their allegiance to the pope, rather than to Japanese leaders. ○ In response, the Tokugawas expelled foreign missionaries. They

brutally persecuted Japanese Christians, killing many thousands of people.

By 1638, the Tokugawas had turned against European traders as well. Japan barred all European merchants and

forbade Japanese to travel abroad. To further their isolation, they outlawed the

building of large ships, thereby ending foreign trade. ○ In order to keep informed about world events,

they permitted just one or two Dutch ships each year to trade at a small island in Nagasaki harbor.

Japan remained isolated for more than 200 years. Art and literature flourished, and internal

trade boomed. Cities grew in size and importance, and

some merchant families gained wealth and status.

By the early 1700s, Edo (present-day Tokyo) had a million inhabitants, more than either London or Paris.