Chapter 14 ReviewChapter 14 Review

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

Westward MovementWestward Movement

• ½ of Americans by 1850 were under the ½ of Americans by 1850 were under the age of 30.age of 30.

• Restless and energeticRestless and energetic

• On the move out west.On the move out west.

Frontier LifeFrontier Life

• Reality of frontier life was one of Reality of frontier life was one of loneliness, madness, depression.loneliness, madness, depression.

• Frontier men were ill-informed, Frontier men were ill-informed, superstitious and individualistic.superstitious and individualistic.

• Poorly fed and lived in shanties.Poorly fed and lived in shanties.

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

Reality of life in the WestReality of life in the WestA Soddy homeA Soddy home

New Immigrants seek the New Immigrants seek the American DreamAmerican Dream

• 60 million people left overcrowded Europe; 60 million people left overcrowded Europe; 35 million entered the U.S. 35 million entered the U.S.

• Settled in new urban cities; New York, Settled in new urban cities; New York, New Orleans, Chicago & Cincinnati.New Orleans, Chicago & Cincinnati.

• Sought the “land of freedom and Sought the “land of freedom and opportunity”opportunity”

The “American Dream”The “American Dream”

A German visitor in the 1840s, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Friedrich List, observed:

Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Reality of Life in AmericaReality of Life in America

• Fast growth of cities = miserable living Fast growth of cities = miserable living conditions.conditions.

• Slums, inadequate policing, impure water, Slums, inadequate policing, impure water, foul sewage, rats and improper garbage foul sewage, rats and improper garbage disposal.disposal.

• Boston 1Boston 1stst sewer system in 1823. sewer system in 1823.

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?Why now?

AntiforeignismAntiforeignism

• 1840s-1850s saw rise to the “Nativists”.1840s-1850s saw rise to the “Nativists”.

• The group feared that new immigrants The group feared that new immigrants would outbread, outvote and take jobs would outbread, outvote and take jobs from natives of America.from natives of America.

• Created the Star Spangled Banner order Created the Star Spangled Banner order which became the “Know Nothing” partywhich became the “Know Nothing” party

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Growth of the American Growth of the American EconomyEconomy

• 1750 England’s Industrial Revolution = 1750 England’s Industrial Revolution = modern factory systemmodern factory system

• Took a few generations to reach the U.S.Took a few generations to reach the U.S.

• Easier in U.S. for several reasonsEasier in U.S. for several reasons

1) cheap land1) cheap land

2) cheap labor with new immigrants2) cheap labor with new immigrants

3) raw materials3) raw materials

American Inventors Spur the American Inventors Spur the Industrial Era in the U.S.Industrial Era in the U.S.

p Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try anything.anything.

• They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.

• 1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

• 1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

ManufacturingManufacturing

• After the War of 1812 British products After the War of 1812 British products flood into the U.S. with extremely low flood into the U.S. with extremely low prices.prices.

• American factories can’t competeAmerican factories can’t compete

• Caused congress to pass the Protective Caused congress to pass the Protective Tariff of 1816.Tariff of 1816.

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

p Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.

p Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Actually Actually invented by a invented by a

slave!slave!

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

OliverEvansOliverEvans

First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive

First automated First automated flour millflour mill

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

““What hath God What hath God wrought?”wrought?”

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,

1858

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

Creating a Business-Friendly Climate

Creating a Business-Friendly ClimateSupreme Court Rulings:Supreme Court Rulings:

** Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) (1810) ** Dartmouth v. WoodwardDartmouth v. Woodward (1819)(1819) ** McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (1819) ** Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) (1824) ** Charles Rivers Bridge v. Charles Rivers Bridge v. WarrenWarren Bridge Bridge (1835) (1835)

Laissez faire Laissez faire BUT, govt. did muchBUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism! to assist capitalism!

Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American

Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% ofthe population.the population.

v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?

Lowell Mills Time Table

Lowell Mills Time Table

Early “Union” Newslett

er

Early “Union” Newslett

er

The Factory Girl’s GarlandThe Factory Girl’s Garland

February 20, 1845 issue.February 20, 1845 issue.

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl

Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement

Workingman’s Party Workingman’s Party (1829)(1829) ** Founded by Robert Dale Owen Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.

Worker political parties were Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil ineffective until the post-Civil War period.War period.

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860