chapter 14 groundwater noteworthy information. factors that affect the amount of groundwater that...
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Chapter 14Groundwater
Noteworthy Information
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Factors that affect the amount of groundwater that seeps into the ground:
• type of rock or soil
• climate (dry climates, water evaporates)
• topography (mountainous regions water runs
off the rocky slopes)
• vegetation (slows flow and removes water)
• land use (pavement does not allow water to
enter the ground)
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Factors that affect porosity of rock:
• particle shape (round vs. angular)
• sorting (well-sorted vs. poorly-sorted)
Factors that affect permeability of rock:
• particle size (small vs. large)
• sorting (well-sorted v.s poorly-sorted)
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Distribution of Groundwater
Vadose
Phreatic
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• A rock can have a number of pores that are not
connected to each other. (Pumice, Scoria)
Zone of Aeration
Water Table
Zone of Saturation
Impermeable Layer
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Factors that determine the water tables
distance from the surface:
• amount of rainfall
• time between rains
• season
• slope of the ground
• thickness of soil
• climate
• human activity
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What is an ordinary well?
• a well drilled into the permanent water table
What is a perched water table?
• water that collects on an impermeable layer
above the water table
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Springs may result from a perched water table
Rollie’s Well
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• The best aquifers are made of:
uncemented sands and gravels, sandstones
• Magma or cooling pluton is the heat source for geysers, fumaroles, and hot springs 100 F+ (strong sulfur smell)
• Geothermal gradient is the heat source for most Eastern U.S. warm springs (mild sulfur smell)
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GeyserEruptionSequence
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Deep Circulation of Groundwater
geothermal gradient10 C/km or 1.5 F/100ft
Warm Spring
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What percentage of the drinking water in the United States comes from groundwater?
• 50 %
What problems have humans created for the groundwater supply?
• Using the groundwater faster than it can be replenished by nature.
• Polluting the groundwater supply
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Problems that develop due to the over use of groundwater.
• The water table drops
• Saltwater intrusions
• Subsidence
How does groundwater become polluted?
• Pollution is carried by water seeping through the soil.
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Formation of a cone of depression in the water table
Discharge exceeds recharge
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Saltwater contamination due to excessive well pumping
Wildwood Crest
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List a few examples of groundwater pollutants.
• Oil from roads
• Nitrates from soil fertilizers
• Pesticides applied to plants
• Farm wastes
• Sewage from septic tanks
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Well design requires knowledge of local geology
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What is the difference between hard water and soft water?
• Hard water contains large amounts of dissolved ions from minerals.
• Soft water contains very few ions from minerals.
Why is artesian water generally harder than ordinary groundwater?
• Artesian water travels farther and may be warmer than ordinary water, so it can dissolve more mineral matter.
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Artesian Well Model
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Hydraulic head and urban water supplies
Just like an artesian, saves money
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List some states that have Karst Topography?
• Alabama, Florida, Tennessee, Indiana, Virginia,
Pennsylvania, Georgia, Missouri, South Dakota
and Wyoming.
What is Karst Topography?