chapter 14: federal environmental protection and regulation text: cubbage et al., 1992
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14: Federal Chapter 14: Federal Environmental Protection and Environmental Protection and
RegulationRegulation
Text: Cubbage et al., 1992Text: Cubbage et al., 1992
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Major Laws (1970s)Major Laws (1970s)• NEPA of 1969
• Federal Water Pollution Control Act 0f 1970 (as amended in 972 – esp. Sections 208, 319, 404)
• Air Pollution Control Act of 1970
• Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972
– FIFRA of 1947 (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act)
• Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (as amended in 1990)
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Federal Environ. Protection & RegulationFederal Environ. Protection & Regulation
• Conservation movement in 1800s led to:
– establishing national forest lands in West in 1891
– purchasing lands in East in 1911
• US first wildlife protection laws enacted
– Lacey Act of 1900
– Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
• 1919 – first concerted efforts for federal regulation of private forestry began, led by Pinchot
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Early Forest and Environmental PolicyEarly Forest and Environmental Policy
• Current environmental law and policy rooted in statures enacted by first settlers
• Europe: measures to protect forests already in place early
– Germany (1400s), England for centuries
• Early US: English heritage reflected in British common law designed to protect forests & game
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Colonial AmericaColonial America• Early colonists regard forests as liability, cleared for farms & towns
• Most colonial laws promoted clearing lands, draining swamps, or otherwise "improving” land in its natural state
• Examples of early public regulation of forests in the US: (up to mid 1600s)
– 1626 (earliest): Plymouth Colony prohibited timber sale/transport out of colony
– 1668: Massachusetts Bay Colony reserved all white pine trees in Exeter town for ship masts
– 1681: Gov. William Penn keep 1 acre for every 5 acres of forest land cleared
– 1739: Massachusetts attempted to halt encroachment of sand dunes on part of Cape Cod by regulating timber cutting, burning, grazing
– Broad Arrow Policy (1691): English rulers William & Mary prohibited cutting white pine trees growing on land not granted to private persons
– 1735 (South) – Gov. Oglethorpe (GA) proclaimed preserving vast stands of timber and prevent scarcity; required license to cut timber
• “Nuisance”: concept referring to unreasonable interference in land use
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The United StatesThe United States
• Early policies exploitation of forests & game resources
• Disposition, development, and private use were the policies; ignored conservation
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The United StatesThe United States• Proposed Federal Forestry Regulation
– Clarke-McNary Act of 1924
• Federal Wildlife Laws
– Lacey Act of 1900 1913
– Weeks-McClean Act (Migratory Birds Law)
• Beginning Forest Practice Laws
• Mid-Century Conservation
– Civilian Conserv. Corps - building/protecting US parks/forests
– Soil Erosion Service (Soil Conservation Service) created
– Civilian environmental groups provided grassroots support for wildlife & land conservation laws (Sierra Club, Audobon Soc.)
– Silent Spring (1962) triggered environmental protection as a national issue
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The Taking Issue: Regulatory police power The Taking Issue: Regulatory police power vs. Eminent domain powervs. Eminent domain power
• The taking issue – society’s police power to regulate persons on use of their lands to protect & promote public health, safety, welfare
– came from common law of private nuisance and from the doctrine of waste
– roots from colonial and early US policy
• Common law and legal doctrine individuals not to use their property in ways that will injure real property rights of others (private nuisance)
– Nuisance laws prevented foul-smelling businesses from locating near homes
– Firms cannot dump wastes in waters used by downstream owners
• Doctrine of wastes owners only have usufructuary rights, i.e., may use their land as they will as long as they don’t damage/destroy it
– owners shall not materially decrease their property’s value
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The Taking Issue: Regulatory police power The Taking Issue: Regulatory police power vs. Eminent domain powervs. Eminent domain power
Police power under:• Eminent domain – property taken for public purpose but with
just compensation
• The taking issue – a regulation may restrict development of an area and decrease a property’s value, but land is not taken nor compensation is paid
• 14th Amendment: no state shall “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law”
– state’s police power should not discriminate
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Recent Court Decisions (late 1980s - 1990s)Recent Court Decisions (late 1980s - 1990s)
• Court decisions indicated limitations placed on public regulation of private landowners
– possible swing to favor property rights
• Inverse condemnation – instead of trying to prove that a constitutional taking occurred, landowners try to receive payments for their financial loss
• Environmental groups strongly support use of state’s police power to prevent harm to environment or to other individuals
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National Environmental Policy Act of 1969National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
3 purposes:
• to encourage harmony between people & environment
• to promote efforts that prevent/eliminate damage to environment and biosphere, and stimulate health & welfare of humanity, and
• to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources
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National Environmental Policy Act of 1969National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
• requires preparation of EIS for all federal actions significantly affecting environment
• can stall projects until adequate study is done
• recommends guidelines that states could use in enacting its own environmental legislation
• EAR (Environ. Assessment Report) FONSI (Finding of No Significant Impact)
• If significant impact full-blown EIS
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The Environmental Protection AgencyThe Environmental Protection Agency
• Created by Reorganization Order No. 3 in 1970
• Charge: to oversee pollution monitoring, research, standard setting, and enforcement activities.
• lead agency for federal regulation of public & private landowners in order to prevent environmental damage
• administers legislative programs fro water, air, radiation, and pesticide protection
• Council on Environmental Quality created by NEPA
– CEQ will work with EPA
– advises president; is concerned with all aspects of environmental quality
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Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972
• Section 402 – Industrial Point Source Pollution
• Section 209 & 319 – Nonpoint Source Pollution
• Section 404 – Wetland Point Source Pollution
– Permit Authority
– Silvicultural Exemptions
– Wetlands Definitions
– 2 Wetlands Mitigation Techniques (wetland value system, mitigation banking)
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Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972
• Permit Authority – national, regional, individual
• Silvicultural Exemptions (Section 404)
– No permit required for normal silvicultural activities
• Wetlands Definitions: 3 features– Wetland hydrology, hydric soils, hydrophilic vegetation
• 2 Wetlands Mitigation Techniques
– wetland value system, mitigation banking
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Related Wetlands LegislationRelated Wetlands Legislation
• Coastal Zone Management of 1972
• Farm Bill (1985, 1990) – “swampbuster”
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Clean Air Act of 1970Clean Air Act of 1970
• Air Pollutants
• Control Methods
• 1990 Amendments – esp. relating to forestry
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Clean Air Act of 1970 (continued)Clean Air Act of 1970 (continued)Air Pollutants• Substances/particles harmful to human, animal, or plant health by
causing growth problems, mortality, or economic losses
• Examples
– Suspended particulates (from large industrial sources)
– sulfur dioxide (linked with acid precipitation)
– nitrogen dioxide (from car exhausts, power plant emissions)
– carbon monoxides and hydrocarbons
– ozone (principal smog component)
– lead, methane
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Clean Air Act of 1970 (continued)Clean Air Act of 1970 (continued)Control Methods
• EPA to list pollutants that adversely affect public health or welfare
• EPA to establish national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for each pollutant
• EPA standards are uniform for all industries prevent states from using “easy” pollution regulations to attract new industry.
• States to develop specific implementation plans to achieve standards
• Legal controls used to ensure states meet federal requirements
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Clean Air Act of 1970 (continued)Clean Air Act of 1970 (continued)1990 Amendments• Title I – sets requirements for nonattainment areas to meet NAAQS for
various pollutants & levels of noncompliance
• Title III – lists 189 chemicals; EPA to set standards for controls in 10 years
• Title IV – acid rain controls; sets cap on allowable emissions of sulfur dioxide, create market for right to emit this chemical; market approach to pollution control
• Title VI – concerns with ozone depletion & climate changes
– require phaseout of 5 ozone-depleting chemicals, 3 halons, and carbon tetrachloride by year 2000
– Prohibits production of methyl chloroform by 2002
– Freezes production of regulated hydrochlorofluorocarbons in 2015 and complete prohibition by 2030
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Clean Air Act of 1970 & ForestryClean Air Act of 1970 & ForestryLand Use Controls: Effects in forestry
• Lumber mills stopped burning waste wood
• Plywood & particle board manufacturers have reduced formaldehyde emissions in plants & in structural lumber in homes
• Pulp & paper mills have reduced chemical emissions into the air
• Standards affecting forestry operations most particulate matters
• Standards changed from measuring total suspended particulates (TSP) to measuring particulates 10 microns in size or smaller (PM10).
• PM10 adopted in 1987 -- standard used to develop rules governing prescribed burning & residential wood combustion
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Other Federal LawsOther Federal Laws
• Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
• Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (FEPCA) of 1972
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Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (FEPCA) of 1972Act (FEPCA) of 1972
Major Provisions
1. Registration of all pesticides with EPA
2. Classification of pesticides into 2 categories: general use and restricted use
3. Requires certification of applicators by two groups: private and commercial
4. Minimum standards of competency for both private and commercial applicators
5. Misuse of pesticides made unlawful with provisions for enforcement & penalties when appropriate
6. Enforcement of regulations delegated to designated state agencies
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Coastal Zone Mgmt Act of 1972 (as Coastal Zone Mgmt Act of 1972 (as amended in 1990)amended in 1990)
• Provided federal assistance to states to protect coastal resources on the oceans and Great Lakes