chapter 14 examination review. the capacity to do work is referred to as
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 14 Examination Review
The capacity to do work is
referred to as
Energy
A substance in the physical environment that
has value to human beings is
A resource
Prior to the Industrial Revolution,
humans relied mostly on what
kind of power?
Animate
Plant material, vegetation, oragricultural waste used as afuel or energy source. Beforethe Industrial Revolution, themost important source of fuelwas
Biomass
Finite resources, unevenly
Distributed around the world,
and are from plants and
Animals buried millions of
years ago describe
Fossil Fuels
The most common energy
source for home heat and hot
water is
Natural Gas
Most nonrenewable energysources are
Formed very slowly
The amount of energy in fields
not yet identified but thought to
exist is a
Potential Reserve
Unconventional sources of oil like shales and tsar sandstone are
accessible only by
Damaging the Environment
Saudi Arabia has relatively large proven reserves of
petroleum
Which two countries have relatively large proven reserves of
coal?
China United States
Which two countries are prime examples of countries that consume more energy than they produces? (Hint: One naturally and one for economic reasons)
JapanUnited States
In protest of the U.S.’s support for Israel in its 1973 war against Egypt, Jordon, and Syria, during the winter of 1973 – 1974, OPEC members
refused to sell petroleum to the United States
With increasing demand in LDCs, world petroleum consumption is expected to increase during the next two decades by about __________ %.
50 %
List four nonmetallic
minerals used for fertilizer:
CalciumPotassium
SulfurPhosphorus
Greater dependence on coal is likely to
occur by expanding use of
Electricity
North Americans are less dependent
than Europeans on nuclear energy
primarily because of more abundant
Coal Reserves
Elaborate safety measures must be
taken to store nuclear waste primarily
because the waste is
Radioactive
Most of the nuclear waste in the U.S. is
stored in approximately __________ facilities across the country.
1 2 1
The breeder reactor was invented to address the problem that nuclear power depends on scarce _________.
Uranium
A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone, and is re-radiated in all direction is called
Greenhouse Effect
Why is solar energy primarily more
expensive than other forms of energy for most consumers?
Installation Costs
A discharge constitutes
pollution if the level is greater than the
Environmental
Capacity
A concentration of a trace
substance at a level greater than
occurs in the average air constitutes
Air Pollution
The combination of sulfur oxide
with oxygen and water produces
Acid Deposition
A condition in which sunlight causes
nitrogen oxides to react in the atmosphere
produces
Photochemical smog
The possible increase in the Earth’s temperature
caused by carbon dioxide trapping radiation is the
The Greenhouse Effect
•The source of air pollution most responsible for damaging trees in Ontario, Canada, and Germany’s Black Forest is
Acid Deposition
The most significant source of air pollution
caused by automobiles is
Photochemical smog
A gas threatening Earth’s ozone layer is
Chlorofluorocarbon
CFCs
Steel and chemical industries are major water polluters primarily because they generate large amounts of
Wastewater
Polluted water threatens the survival of aquatic plants and animals in by enriching the water with excessive
Levels of nutrients
PCB oils, cyanides, strong solvents, and heavy metals are considered
Hazardous Waste
Contrary to air and water pollution, solid waste pollution is reduced through concentrating rather than
Dispersing Waste
The greatest benefit of incinerating solid waste is the production of
Electricity
One strategy for the reduction of solid waste pollution is separation of different
Types of trash
A strategy for reducing waste through recycling includes using the waste in
production
A strategy for reducing the amount of waste generated includes changing the mix of inputs increasing the product to
waste ratio
An alternative to reducing discharges into the environment is using the environment
more efficiently
Reduction of biodiversity through species extinction is especially important in
Tropical Rain Forests
The variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth is called
biodiversity
A level of organization within the living world that includes
both the total array of biological organisms present
in a defined area and the chemical-physical factors
that influence the plants and animals in it is called an
Ecosystem
The sustainable use and
management of natural resources
Conservation
Maintenance of resources in their present condition
refers to
Preservation
• Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of "needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and the future needs defines
United Nations definition of
Sustainable Development
The World Wildlife Federation claims the world surpassed its sustainable level around ___________.
1980
Critics and defenders of sustainable
development both agree that more
international cooperation is
needed to reduce the
gap between LDCs
and MDCs
Estimates of earth’s total number of species
range from ___________________.
3 million to 100 million
Name three nations that have no land under conservation:
IraqSome former Soviet
Republics
The study of constraints placed
by resources on the level of
development is
carrying capacity analysis
To avoid depleting resources, future generations will need to increase their use of
sustainable development
Since 1990, ______ consumption has increased slightly more rapidly than the 2% annual growth rate for petroleum.
Natural gas