chapter 14 blood
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 14 Blood. Connective tissue Functions: transport, maintains fluid/solid homeostasis, distributes heat, immunity 8% of body weight ~ 5 liters. Hematocrit: = packed cell volume 55% plasma 45% RBCTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14 Blood
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• Connective tissue• Functions: transport, maintains
fluid/solid homeostasis, distributes heat, immunity
• 8% of body weight ~ 5 liters
Hematocrit: = packed cell volume 55% plasma 45% RBC <1% WBC, platelets
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CellsHematopeietic stem cells
1. Myeloid (rbc, wbc, platelets, macrophages
2. Lymphoid (lymphocytes cells, macrophages)
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Red Blood Cells = Erythrocytes• Small• Biconcave – increases surface area for gas
attachment• No nucleus• No mitochondria (Use glycolysis to make only 2
ATPs)
http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-11/first-transfusion-lab-grown-blood-success
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Hemoglobin• 1/3 of cell is hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin (Hb) + O2 = oxyhemoglobin = red color
• Hb – O2 = deoxyhemoglobin = dark red/purple
• Cyanosis = low O2 = increased oxyHb and looks blue
• Cold temperatures make you look blue from decreased blood flow (more oxyHb)
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Carbon Monoxide• Binds to RBC better
than oxygen.• Not good • Kills us silently• Cant smell it or taste
it.
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Sickle Cell Disease
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Erythropoiesis – RBC production
Erythropoietin hormone – negative feedback mechanism
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Bone Marrow
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Diet and Blood Cell ProductionB12 and folic acid needed for DNA synthesis, and intrinsic factor in stomach needed for absorption
Iron (heme) – need vitamin C for Fe absorption
Anemia= low rbc or low Hb (especially during pregnancy due to increased blood volume that decreases hematocrit levels)
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White Blood CellsHormones: interleukin and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) stimulate development
Granulocytes vs. Agranulocytes (cytoplasmic granules) a) neutrophils – phagocytosis of bacteria cells a) monocytes – lysosomes for phagocytosis b)eosinophils – kills parasites, allergies b) lymphocytes – T cells and B cells c) basophils – releases chemicals like histimine to increase blod vessel size (inflammation), heparin to thin blood
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Neutrophils(nucleus has several lobes)
Active phagocytes60% of WBCFound in pus of wounds
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Eosinophils
Mainly attack parasites
2% of WBC
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Basophils
Produces heparin and histamines
Important in inflammatory response
1% of WBC
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Monocytes(large, horeshoe-shaped nucleus, agranular)
Become macrophages
6% of WBC
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Lymphocytes(dark nucleus takes up most of cell, very little cytoplasm)
Make antibodies
30% of WBC
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Leukemia
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Test Yourself!
A = red blood cellB= lymphocyteC = neutrophilD= eosinophilE = neutrophilF = monocyteG = plateletH = lymphocyteI = eosinophilJ = basophil
When you are ready, click the mouse to see the answers.
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Chemotaxis
PUSDamaged cells release chemical signals (CAMs) that attract more leukocytes.
Diapediesis = movement of wbc
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Platelets = thrombocytes• Cell fragments• Developed in response to thrombopoietin• Amoebic movements• ½ size of rbc• Sticky and release serotonin to contract blood vessel walls to
decrease blood flow
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PlasmaFunctions:• 92% water• Transport nutrients, gases,
vitamins, proteins, etc.• Regulate fluids and
electrolytes• Maintain pH levels
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This machine removes the plasma from the blood and returns the RBC’s to the donor.
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Proteins1. Albumins• Smallest, 60% of proteins in plasma• Synthesized in liver• Help transport bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones• Helps maintain osmotic pressure (proteins too large to cross
membrane therefore holds fluid in vessels) – regulates fluid and blood pressure• Especially important in pregnancy
EDEMA
KWASHIORKOR
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2. Globulins – 36% of plasma• α alpha – from liver• β beta- from liver• γ gamma – from lymph, type of antibody
(immunoglobulins)3. Fibrinogen: 4% of plasma, converted to fibrin
• largest• blood coagulation
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Gases and Nutrients O2, CO2, N2
Amino acids
Monosaccharides
Nucleotides
Lipids – because plasma is mostly water, lipids must be bound to proteins (lipoprotein complexes)
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Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances (NPN)
Amino acids- from protein digestionUrea- from protein digestion
Uric acid – from nucleic acid digestion
Excreted in Urine
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CreatineCreatinine
• Found as creatine phosphate in muscle, brain, and blood.
• Stores energy in bonds like ATP does• A high level indicates kidney disorder
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Plasma ElectrolytesNa – muscle and neuronsCl – muscle and neuronHCO3 – maintains pH and osmotic pressureK – muscles and neuronsCa – nerve and blood clottingMg – muscle, bone, teeth, enzyme actionPO4 – ATP and DNA synthesis
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ClottingA. Blood Vessel Spasm (vasospasm) – contracts bv to decrease blood loss
B. Platelet Plug = platelets and collagen
C. Blood coagulation – blood clot cascade (vitamin K is necessary), uses fibrin (converted from fibrinogen by “thrombin” enzyme)
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Thrombus – clot in a blood vessel (Ex – Deep Vein Thrombosis)
Embolus – dslodged clot or fragment that breaks loose and carried in blood**Atherosclerosis can cause this by changing arterial lining
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Blood Groups and Transfusions
31+ different genes and over 29 different blood groups
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Agglutination
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Erythroblastosis fetalis – Rh incompatibility
RhoGAM
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More Info About Bombay Blood Type:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hh_antigen_system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems
See a list of all the rare blood groups:
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Blood chip – new way to diagnose diseasehttp://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/03/16/standalone-lab-on-a-chip/