chapter 14
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Chapter 14. Part 2. Background to the continuation of the Hapsburg-Valois Wars in the Holy Roman Empire . 1531 The League of Schmalkalden : formed by the Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s efforts to re-impose Catholicism in Germany - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 14Part 2
Background to the continuation of the
Hapsburg-Valois Wars in the Holy Roman Empire
1531 The League of Schmalkalden: formed by the Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s efforts to re-impose Catholicism in Germany
France (Francis I) allied with the Protestants against Charles V ( in spite of France being Catholic)
French Foreign Policy Keep Germany divided Clearly, the religious question: a
religiously homogenous Western Europe took a back seat to political concerns for France
NOTE: France was surrounded by Hapsburgs in Spain and in the HRE.
The Hapsburg-Valois Wars continued
1521-1555: a series of wars between the Hapsburgs and Valois
In Italy 1521-1527 In the HRE continued to 1555
BY 1547 Charles V’s armies had defeated the Protestants in the HRE BUT by this time, Lutheranism had taken hold in much of central Europe
The Peace of Augsburg 1555 Charles V gave up.
Cuius regio, eius religio: Whose the region, his the religion
The German princes could choose between Catholicism or Lutheranism within their individual sovereign principalities
The Protestants living in Catholic states were allowed to move to Catholic states and vice-versa
1559 The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Italy: Hapsburg control either directly or indirectly except for Venice
Germany: The Peace of Augsburg
Sealed with the marriage of Elizabeth of Valois to Philip II of Spain
Charles V Retired to a monastery prior to the
treaty
Spain and its overseas empire was inherited by his son, Philip II
The HRE was inherited by his brother, Ferdinand I
Results in the HRE The permanent religious division of
Germany
Will serve to prevent German unification
Successful French foreign policy
ALSO: weakened the position of the HRE in Germany
Other Protestants The Anabaptists 1525: Association of believers with no
connection to any state Rejected secular agreements:
Would not take civil oaths Would not pay taxes Would not serve in the military Would not hold public office
The Anabaptists Rejected infant baptism Rejected the idea of the Holy Trinity Were Millenarians
Far to the left in Protestantism
1532 John Leyden and Anabaptist radicals took
control of Munster Polygamist: 16 wives Women were also leaders of the
movement All books except for the Bible were
burned Killed some Catholics and Lutherans
1534 Tragedy at Munster
Protestant and Catholic princes combined their armies and took the city
Anabaptist leaders were executed
Anabaptists adopted pacifism at this point
Legacy of the Anabaptists
Mennonites founded by Menno Simmons (Dutch) Emphasized pacifism
Quakers Margaret Fell & James Fox (England) had beliefs similar to the Anabaptists. Many fled to America (Penn., NJ, Delaware)
Unitarians rejected the trinity
Luther Did not believe in the legitimacy of
any other faith except mainstream Protestantism (Lutheranism)
Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531 (Swiss)
Humanist preacher who used Erasmus’ edition of the New Greek Testament
Believed (like Luther) that the Bible was the sole authority
BUT (unlike Luther) believed that the Eucharist was symbolic (believed Luther too similar to the Catholic belief of Transubstantiation
Luther supported Consubstantiation: at the blessing of the Eucharist, the presence of Christ was evoked
1529 Colloquy of Marburg
Zwingli officially split with Luther on the issue of the Eucharist
The Augsburg Confession (Melanchthon) Lutherans officially excluded non-Lutheran reformers
Calvinism: (John Calvin 1509-64)
French: had studied to be a priest and later was trained as a lawyer
Was influenced by Erasmus Was a Humanist Was exiled to Switzerland due to his
ideas Wrote Institutes of the Christian
Religion
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Predestination: since God is all-knowing, He knows if you are saved even before you are born
Salvation ONLY through the Grace of God
Good works are not enough…there is NO FREE WILL
BUT good works are a sign that one has been chosen for salvation
The “Elect” will know if they are saved through a conversion experience
1540 Calvin established a Theocracy in Geneva
Protestant exiles from England, Scotland and France came to learn and return home with new ideas
Calvin (like Zwingli) believed that the state should enforce Christian behavior (Theocracy)
Only those who were committed to Calvinism were allowed to live in Geneva
Calvinism: militant and uncompromising
Presbyters: a judiciary of lay elders empowered to impose harsh penalties on those who did not follow God’s law
Michael Servetus A Spanish Unitarian humanist was burned at the stake because he denied the Trinity (1533)
Protestant Work Ethic Calvinists emphasized the
importance of hard work and financial success (was a sign that God was pleased so …one was probably a member of the Elect)
The Spread of Calvinism Much bigger impact than
Lutheranism
Huguenots in France Dutch Reformed in the Netherlands Presbyterianism in Scotland Puritans in England
Presbyterianism in Scotland
Established by John Knox (1505-1572)
Presbyters governed the Church Quickly became dominant in
Scotland to the detriment of Mary Queen of Scots (later)
Huguenots in France Converts from every social class
BUT especially popular among the nobility
Remember: the biggest threat to the New Monarchs was the nobility ( who were constantly trying to wrest political control from the crown. The French King and official state religion was Catholic)
The Dutch Reformed Church in the United
Provinces of the Netherlands Set the stage for the revolt of the
Netherlands against the Spanish Inquisition of Philip II of Spain
The Netherlands will fight for and declare their independence from Spain in 1581 (though will not be formally recognized by other European powers until 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia following the Thirty Years’ War)
The Puritans in England Initially, Henry VIII established the Church
of England so that he could grant himself a divorce
Puritans were disappointed that there was no real effort to “purify” the Church under Henry VIII
When Edward took the throne, the Puritans had much influence and had adopted Calvinism
On Edward’s death, Mary persecuted Protestants
Under Elizabeth, was called the Anglican Church and most persecution stopped (Elizabethan Settlement)
The Puritans in England Under James I and Charles I (the
Stewarts) Puritans were persecuted again and fled to Massachusetts
Go to 14-3The English Reformation