Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis
Mexico wants American to settle in Mexico
1.Strengthen economy & tax base2.Provide buffer against Native Americans
Empresarios
Moses StephenAustin
Problems:1.Won’t learn the language2.Religion3.Slaves
American population in Texas
1830 - 7,000
1835 - 30,000
Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana
Goliad
Col. James Fannin and over 200 men executed on Santa Ana’s orders
San Antonio de Bexar
Crockett Bowie Travis
Over 183 killed including Crockett
Runaway Scrape
March13 –
April 21
Battle of San Jucinto
April 21,1836
900 Texans
Vs
1500 Mexicans
Texas Mexico
8 killed 630
30 wounded
0 captured 730
Santa Ana captured
The Republic of Texas
President Sam Houston
Really want to be part of the US
Jackson against bringing Texas in as a state
*cause sectional conflict
*cause war with Mexico
Van Buren and Harrison also decline
Tyler tries to get annexation treaty through Congress
Blocked by Northern Senators & Reps
Western migration
About 300,000 move to West from 1840-60
Trip lasted 6 months
Oregon Trail today
Those who took the trip were relatively young and had some money
Expansion and War
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Democrat Whig
ClayVan Buren
Polk
Polk’s Platform
•Annexation of Texas
•Claim all of disputed Oregon Territory
Platform appeals to both North and South
Polk 170
Clay 105
Tyler steals some of Polk’s glory by getting annexation bill thru Congress
Texas a state December 1844
Why settle for less that was demanded?
Rio Grande
Nueces
New Mexico•Mexico invites American to New Mexico in 1820’s
•Trade develops between Santa Fe and Independence, Mo
California
American come to California
*Maritime Traders & Whalers
*Merchants
*Families
Americans in both California and New Mexico want to join the US
Polk has a Plan
•Fleet ready to take California ports if War
•Tries to buy disputed area from Mexico
•Send Gen Taylor across Nueces
Polk gets declaration of war May 13,1846
40-2 Senate174-14 House
Some concerns over war:*Whigs charge Polk maneuvered country into war
*charge that concerns over Texas allowed US to settle for less in Oregon
*Battle of Monterrey
*Battle of Buena Vista
Polk worries about Taylor becoming too successful
* Scott captures Vera Cruz
* Captures Mexico City
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848
Mexico
Cedes California and New Mexico Rio Grande border of Texas
U.S.
Pays $15 million Assumes citizens claims against Mexico
WILMOT PROVISO
*David Wilmot-Penn
*Prohibits slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico
*Passes House Fails in Senate
Impact of War with Mexico
1. Begins period of sectional debate over slavery
*Many different positions: Polk supports extension of 36° 30’ line
*Popular Sovereignty
2. People who participate in War:
Zachary Taylor Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant James Longstreet William Sherman Thomas Jackson
Lewis Cass
Democrat
Zachary Taylor
Whig
FREESOIL PARTY
*Opponents of slavery
*Unhappy with major parties
*Endorse Wilmot Proviso
*Run Martin Van Buren
•Taylor wins!!!
•Free soil Party gets 10% of vote and 10 members in Congress
Gold discovered in
California 1848
People rush to California
49ers
Population of California
1848 14,000
1852 220,000
95% are male
California writes Constitution
NO SLAVERY!!!!!
Other Problems:
*Slavery in DC
*Northern laws preventing return of slaves
*California & Oregon
Clay tries Compromise:
*Mexico cession slave territory *Texas yields border to N. Mexico *Slave trade abolished in DC *Fugitive Slave Law *California Free State
Calhoun’s Speech
*Fugitive Slave law*Grant South = rights in Terr. *Stop attacking slavery *Amendment balancing power *Dual Pres(N&S) with veto power
Daniel Webster
7th of March Address
*Supports compromise
*New England mad
*leaves Senate – made Sec of State
New Leadership
William Seward NYJefferson Davis MissStephen Douglas
President Taylor will veto the Compromise
Following the Whig Tradition:
Taylor dies
Taylor
New President Millard Fillmore signs Compromise of 1850
Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce
Winfield Scott
Young America
*Spread American Democracy in Europe
*Expand American commerce in the Pacific
*Acquire new territory in Western Hemisphere
Ostend Manifesto
*Reps in Europe tell Pierce take Cuba
*Leaked to Public
*Anti-slave North mad
South blocks any attempt to get non-slave territory
*Hawaii
*Canada
People moving West of Miss. R.
*Much of this land given to Indians
*Communication/Transportation will need to expand
Gadsden Purchase
$10,000,000 for land along southern border of New Mexico and Arizona
Stephen Douglas
Wants RR thru Chicago
Kansas-Nebraska Act
*repeals Missouri Compromise
*divides into 2 territories
*Slavery by Popular Sovereignty
K-N has following effects:
*destroys Whig Party
*divides Northern Democrats
*Creation of new Party
Republican Party
*1854 Jackson, Mi et al
*Strictly sectional party
1855
*election of Terr. Legislature
*1500 voters
*6000 votes
*’Border Ruffians’
Lawrence, KansasAnti-slavery capital
Pottawatomie Creek
*Captures 5 pro-slavery settlers
*Hacks them to death
Bloody Sumner
Charles Sumner attacked by Rep. Preston Brooks
Why did this sectional dispute come about?
Each section wants it’s vision of America to be the dominate one
These visions were different due to the differing economic and sectional interests
NORTHViews on society based on:
Free soilFree labor
Slavery is bad because of what it does to whites
Ideal society is small scale capitalism where society was mobile and all could improve
The North sees the South is a closed society. The slave system preserves entrenched aristocracy. Common whites have no chance of advancement
North sees themselves as progress and South as stagnation
North feels South wants to spread slavery and destroy openness of capitalist society
Threatens future of free white labor
Heart of Republican Party
SOUTH
Southern position gets more hard line as time goes on
*Nat Turner*Expansion of slavery to deep South*Abolition literature
South thinks abolition is the majority opinion in the North
Feels need to work up intellectual defense of slavery
Slavery good for slaves:*Need guidance of whites*better off than “wage slaves”
Only way races can live together
Good for economy
South sees North as abandoning American values and replacing with greed
South orderly society without the unrest of North
Election of 1856
*Democrats only national party left
*Need candidate that is not controversial
Republican John C. Fremont
American Party Millard Fillmore
Buchanan
Fremont
Fillmore
174
114
8
Dred Scott v. Sanford
*Slaves are not citizens
*Slaves are property
*Can not take away property without due process of law 5th Amendment
*Congress has no power to stop slavery in territories
Lecompton Constitution
1857
Pro-slavery
Compromise:
*Lecompton const. Resubmitted
*if approved become a state
*if rejected wait until population is 93,600
Illinois Senate Election 1858
Lincoln Douglas
Freeport Doctrine
*Asks Douglas if people of a territory can exclude slavery
John Brown at Harper’s Ferry
October 16, 1859
*seizes Federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
*Federal troops surround fort
*Brown is captured
*Brown found guilty
*Hanged Dec 2, 1859
Election of 1860
Democrats have a problem:
*Douglas wants nomination
*South doesn’t want him
*South walks out of convention
Northern Democrats
Southern Democrats
Stephen John Douglas Breckinridge
C.
*High tariff
*Internal improvements
*Homestead Bill
*Transcontinental RR
*States decide slavery
*No slaves in territories
Manufacturers
Ex-Whigs
Farmers
Merchants
Freesoilers
Convention picks Lincoln
Compromisers form
Constitutional Union Party
John Bell
Lincoln
Douglas
Breckenridge
Bell
39.9%
29.5%
18.1%
12.6%
180
12
72
39
Popular vote Electoral vote