chapter 13 the genetic code and transcriptioncontents.kocw.net/kocw/document/2013/gacheon/... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 13 The Genetic Code and Transcription
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13.1 The Genetic Code Uses Ribonucleotide Bases as “Letters”
triplet unambiguous degenerate start and stop signals commaless nonoverlapping almost universal
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13.2 Early Studies Established the Basic Operational Patterns of the Code
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The Triplet Nature of the Code
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The code is non-overlapping
GTACA
If overlapping: “GTA, TAC, ACA”
Protein sequence is limited Not actually limited
Also, one basepair change results in only one amino acid change
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The code is degenerate
20 amino acids and 64 possible codons 44 extra codons
More than one codon causes insertions of the same amino acid
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The code is unambiguous
Each codon only codes for one amino acid (invariant)
How were codons matched with their amino acids?
Cell free synthesis with polynucleotide phosphorylase
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Initiation & Stop codons
Start: AUG – Methionine
Stop: UAG, UAA or UGA No tRNA binds
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13.3 Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei, and Others Led to Deciphering of the Code
Synthesizing Polypeptides in a Cell-Free System
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Homopolymer Codes
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A mixed copolymer experiment in which a ratio of 1A:5C is used
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The Triplet Binding Assay
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.6
Repeating Copolymers
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13.4 The Coding Dictionary Reveals Several Interesting Patterns among the 64 Codons
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The wobble hypothesis Base-pairing is less constrained for the third letter of
each codon
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13.6 The Genetic Code Is Nearly Universal
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13.8 Transcription Synthesizes RNA on a DNA Template
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13.9 Studies with Bacteria and Phages Provided Evidence for the Existence of mRNA
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Evidence for RNA as the intermediate Phage infection of bacteria
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13.10 RNA Polymerase Directs RNA Synthesis
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13.11 Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from Prokaryotic Transcription in Several Ways
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Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA and Its Processing: Caps and Tails
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13.12 The Coding Regions of Eukaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Intervening Sequences
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RNA Editing May Modify the Final Transcript
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13.13 Transcription Has Been Visualized by Electron Microscopy