chapter 13 the blood system copyright © 2008, 2005 by saunders, an imprint of elsevier inc. all...

Chapter 13The Blood System

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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In this chapter you will• Identify terms related to the composition,

formation, and function of blood.

• Differentiate between the different blood groups.

• Build words and recognize combining forms used in the blood system.

• Apply new terminology in their proper context.

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Introduction – page 504

Blood: Transports foods, gases, and wastes to and from the cells of the body.

• Other transported items:• chemical messengers (Hormones)• blood proteins, white blood cells, and platelets

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Composition of Blood

• Cells (45%)• plasma• water• proteins

• sugar• salts• hormones• vitamins

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Cell Types and Function

Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen

Leukocytes: white blood cells

Thrombocytes: platelets; clot blood

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White Blood Cells

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Leukocytes: or white blood cells

basophils: contain heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses)

eosinophils: phagocytic cells involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections

neutrophils: phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection

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Leukocytes

monocytes: phagocytic cells that become macrophage and digest bacteria and tissue debris

lymphocytes: control the immune response; make antibodies to antigens

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STAGES IN BLOOD DEVELOPMENT (HEMATOPOIESIS) – page 505

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Review: Composition of Blood- 509

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Plasma Protiens• albumin - maintains proper concentration of

water in blood

• globulins: immunoglobulins (IgG,IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) - Antibodies

• Fibrinogen – clotting protein

• Prothrombin – clotting protein

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Blood Types – page 490

Type A: A antigen and anti-B antibody

Type B: B antigen and anti-A antibody

Type AB: A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient)

Blood Types

Type O: no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor)

Rh factor (positive and negative)

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Blood Clotting – page 510

Coagulation: fibrin clotAnti-coagulants: heparin, warfarin

(Coumadin)

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1. The blood contains the following to transport oxygen:

A. white blood cellsB. plasmaC. plateletsD. red blood cells

QUICK QUIZ:

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QUICK QUIZ:

2. Blood contains these clotting cells:

A. erythrocytesB. plasmaC. thrombocytesD. leukocytes

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Vocabulary – page 512

• Albumin – protein in blood; maintains proper amt of water in blood.

• Bilirubin – orange-yellow pigment in bile formed from breakdown of hemoglobin when RBC die.

• Coagulation – blood clotting

• Erythropoietin (EPO) – Hormone secreted by kidneys that stimulates the formation of RBC

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Vocabulary

• Fibrinogen – plasma protein converted to fibrin

• Hemoglobin – blood protein containing iron, carries oxygen

• Heparin – Anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells

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Vocabulary – page 513

• Plasmapheresis – removal of plasma from withdrawn blood. Donor cells and new plasma are returned back to donor.

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COMBINING FORMS - page 514-515

• bas/o base

• chrom/o color

• coagul/o clotting - anticoagulant

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms and meaning

• Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

• cyt/o cell – cytology

• eosin/o red, dawn, rosy

• erythr/o red - erythrocytopenia22

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• granul/o granules – granulocyte

• hem/o blood – hemolysis

• hemat/o blood - hematocrit


COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY

Combining Forms

• Combining Form Meaning

• hemoglobin/o hemoglobin

• is/o same, equal

• kary/o nucleus

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• leuk/o white – leukocytopenia

• mon/o one, single

• morph/o shape, form



Combining Formw


• myel/o bone marrow

• neutr/o neutral

• nucle/o nucleus

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• phag/o eat, swallow – phagocyte

• poikil/o varied, irregular

• sider/o iron



Combining Forms


• spher/o globe, round

• thromb/o clot - thrombocytopenia

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Suffixes – page 515-516

• -apheresis – remove, carry away

• -blast – immature cell

• -cyte – cell

• -cytosis – abnormal condition of• -

Suffixes

• emia – blood condition – leukemia

• -globin – protein – hemoglobin

• -globulin – protein – immunoglobulin

• -lytic – destruction - thrombolytic

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Suffixes

• -oid – derived from – myeloid

• -osis – abnormal condition – thrombosis

• -penia – deficiency – pancytopenia

• -phage – eat, swallow - macrophage

Suffixes

• philia – attraction for, increase in numbers

• -phoresis – carrying, transmission

• -poiesis – formation – hematopoiesis

• -stasis – stop, control - hemostasis

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More Blood Terminology

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anticoagulant

• anti- against

• coagul/o: clotting

• -ant: one who; a substance•• A substance that works against blood clotting

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Coagulopathy

• Coagul/o: clotting process

• -pathy: disease

• Disease condition of the clotting process• DIC is an example

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hematocrit• hemat/o:

• -crit: to seperate •• Separation of blood

• percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of blood

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myeloblast

• myel/o: bone marrow

• -blast: immature cell

• Immature bone marrow cell

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myelogenous

• myel/o: bone marrow

• -genous: pertaining to produced in

• Pertaining to produced in the bone marrow

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neutropenia

• neutr/o: neutral

• -penia: deficiency•• Deficiency in neutrophils

• A granulocyte with neutral staining granules

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thrombocytopenia

• thromb/o: clot

• cyt/o: cell

• -penia: deficiency

• Deficiency of clotting cells

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plasmapheresis

• plasm/o: plasma

• -apheresis: removal, carry away

• Removal of plasma • from the rest of the blood by mechanical

means (centrifuge)

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hemoglobin

• hem/o: blood

• -globin: protein•• Blood protein

• in erythrocytes; enables the cell to carry oxygen

• H&H

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thrombolytic therapy

• thromb/o: blood clot

• -lytic: destroy

• Therapy: treatment

• Treatment to destroy blood clots

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pancytopenia

• pan-: all

• cyt/o

• -penia•• Deficiency of all (blood) cells

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hemostasis

• hem/o

• -stasis: stop, control•• Stoppage of blood

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Diseases of Red Blood Cells- p. 517

Anemia: deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

• aplastic anemia – failure in production

• hemolytic anemia – excessive destruction

• pernicious anemia- lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12

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Anemia

• Sickle cell anemia – inherited condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and hemolysis

• Thalassemia – Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background

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hemochromatosis: Excess iron deposits throughout the body.

polycythemia vera: General increase in red blood cells.

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QUICK QUIZ:

3. What is the most common type of anemia?

A. hemolytic anemiaB. sickle cell anemiaC. iron deficiency anemiaD. aplastic anemia

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Types of Anemia

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Disorders of Blood Clotting – p. 519

hemophilia: Excessive bleeding caused by one of the protein substances necessary for blood clotting.

purpura: Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin.

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Diseases of White Blood Cells- 520

leukemia: An increase in cancerous white blood cells.• acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)• acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)• chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)• chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

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Acute Leukemia

• Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia

• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

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Diseases of White Blood Cells (cont’d.)

granulocytosis: Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood.

mononucleosis: An infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes.

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Disease of Bone Marrow Cells p. 522

multiple myeloma: Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow. Malignant cells destroy bone tissue and cause overproduction of immunoglobulins.

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Laboratory Blood Tests – p. 522• antiglobulin test

• bleeding time

• coagulation time

• complete blood count (CBC)

• erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – rate at which RBCs settle out of plasma. Elevated ESR is a sign of infection, joint inflammation, and tumor

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Laboratory Blood Tests – p. 523

• hematocrit (Hct) - % of RBCs in a volume of blood. Low levels indicate bleeding or increased destruction of RBCs.

• hemoglobin test (H, Hg, HGB)- Low levels effect the bodies ability to carry oxygen to the tissues.

• partial thromboplastin time (PTT) – ability of blood to clot

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Laboratory Blood Tests (cont’d.)

• platelet count• prothrombin time (PT)• red blood cell count (RBC)

• red blood cell morphology• white blood cell count (WBC)• white blood cell differential

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Clinical Procedures p. 524

apheresis: Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select part from the blood.

blood transfusion: Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient.

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Clinical Procedures

bone marrow biopsy: Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle.

hematopoietic stem cell transplant: Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered into a recipient’s vein. (Bone Marrow Transplant)

Stem Cell Research

• Stem Cells are crucial to develop organisms. They are nonspecialized cells which have the potential to create other types of specific cells, such as blood-, brain-, tissue- or muscle-cells.

• Some types of stem cells may be able to create all other cells in the body. Others have the potential to repair or replace damaged tissue or cells.

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Stem Cell Transplant

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Abbreviations – See page 525-526

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COMBINING FORMS

• bas/o base• chrom/o color• coagul/o clotting• cyt/o cell• eosin/o red, dawn, rosy• erythr/o red


REVIEW SHEET

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COMBINING FORMS

• granul/o granules• hem/o blood• hemat/o blood• hemoglobin/o hemoglobin• is/o same, equal• kary/o nucleus


REVIEW SHEET

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COMBINING FORMS

• leuk/o white• mon/o one, single• morph/o shape, form• myel/o bone marrow• neutr/o neutral• nucle/o nucleus

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning

REVIEW SHEET

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COMBINING FORMS

• phag/o eat, swallow• poikil/o varied, irregular• sider/o iron• spher/o globe, round• thromb/o clot


REVIEW SHEET

chapter 13 the blood system copyright © 2008, 2005 by saunders, an imprint of elsevier inc. all...

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