chapter 13 standard 4.9
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CHAPTER 13 Standard 4.9. Genetic Engineering 11-8-2012 How can humans manipulate DNA?. 13-1. Selective Breeding Choosing the “best” traits for breeding All products of selective breeding is artificial selection. HORSES. Even Cows, Sheep, & Pigs. Hybridization. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 13Standard 4.9
Genetic Engineering11-8-2012
How can humans manipulate DNA?
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13-1
• Selective BreedingChoosing the “best” traits for breeding
All products of selective breeding is artificial selection
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HORSES
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Even Cows, Sheep, & Pigs
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Hybridization
Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organismsProduces hybrids
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Golden Doodle Puggle
Designer breeds or mutts?
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Not to be confused with hybrid cars..
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INBREEDING
Inbreeding = continued breeding of similar individuals (ex. pure breed dogs)Has risks… increases breed’s susceptibility to disease & deformities
Golden retrievers - epilepsyDalmations - hereditary deafness
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Increasing VariationBreeders can increase variation in a population by inducing mutations Mutation = any change in DNA
Mutations can happen randomly, as in this Scottish fold cat. Cat enthusiasts bred these cats from a single cat with a mutation for the ears.
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Mutations produce new kinds of bacteria ex. oil-eating bacteria
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Mutations produce new kinds of plantsEx. day lilies, bananas, citrus fruits Polyploid plants have multiple sets of chromosomes.
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13-2 DNA TechnologyGENETIC ENGINEERING technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert DNA of another organism
= making changes in the DNA code of a living organism
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Different techniques are used…
• to extract DNA from cells• to cut DNA into smaller pieces• to identify the sequence of bases in
a DNA molecule• to make unlimited copies of DNA
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Bacterial Transformation
The changing of one strain of bacteria into another strain
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Plasmid: a circular piece of DNA found in bacteria
F+ bacterium contains a plasmid
F- bacterium does not contain a plasmid
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
1-Remove the plasmid from the bacterium.
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
2-Isolate the gene of interest.
A gene of interest is a piece of DNA that codes for a protein we want more of
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
3-Open the plasmid by cutting it with a restriction enzyme
This leaves “sticky ends”Which need to be the complement of the sticky
ends left on the DNA fragment you want to insert.
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Sticky Ends
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Sticky EndsThe restriction enzyme EcoR1 cuts the DNA at the sequence GAATTC, between the G and the A
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Sticky Ends
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Sticky Ends
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
4-Insert the gene of interest
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
5-Insert the plasmid with recombinant DNA into a new bacterium.
Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation
6-The bacteria reproduces itself and the plasmid. All descendants express the inserted gene
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Bacterial Transformation
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Other Types of Transformation
• Plants:-Use bacteria that insert their plasmid into plant cells-removing cell walls sometimes allows plant cells to take up foreign DNA on their own
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Other Types of Transformation
• Animals:-Many egg cells are large enough that DNA can be directly injected
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DNA SEQUENCE (Gel Electrophoresis)
- can be used to solve crimes or determine paternity- requires restriction enzyme to cut the DNA , and electrophoresis to separate it
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Steps of Crime Scene Investigation or Who the Baby DADDY????
a.) DNA extraction
b. Making CopiesPolymerase chain reaction (PCR)
used to make multiple copies of genes
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c. cutting DNA – restriction enzymes
d.) separating & analyzing DNA Scientist use gel electrophoresis =
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Transgenic Organisms
Contains genes from other species
1.Microorganisms (bacteria)2.Animals (mouse; medical uses)3.Plants (agricultural uses)*GM Crops
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Gene causes these mice to glow in the dark. Normally, the gene is found in jellyfish.
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Cloning• member of a population of genetically
identical cells produced from a single cell• easy to clone single cell organisms• multicellular organisms more difficult to
clone• a twin is a natural clone• 1997 Dolly the sheep cloned, 1st
mammal
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Clones do exist naturally. These are identical twins.
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How to Clone a Sheep
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Cloning a Human
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CC was the first cloned cat (Rainbow is the original). CC is short for "Carbon Copy". What is interesting is the color pattern for the clone is different from the original.
The reason is that the genes for color randomly turn on or off for the skin cells, creating random coloration even on the cloned cat.
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How Can Cloning Be Useful?1. Save endangered species by storing DNA and cloning2. Make multiple copies of a useful gene (insulin for diabetics)3. Clone spare parts, like organs or bone marrow4. Create experimental groups for studying (animals)5. Clone "special" animals,pets or horses
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Click and Clone
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/
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Stem Cells
• Stem Cells unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells
• Types of Stem Cells– Embryonic – Adult– Pluripotent