chapter 13: factors affecting access to sport and physical activity iv – the structural level

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010Chapter 1 Motor learning theory and physical skill

Chapter 13: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity IV – the structural level

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010

• Homework• Write a 300 word essay on the topic of:

“Mr. Ebrington should spend more money on the First V basketball team than Wednesday afternoon sport.”


Figueroa’s fourth level, the structural level, is concerned with the

distribution of resources and rewards and how this distribution affects

access and participation.

Resource allocation can be in the form of human, physical or financial

resources.

The importance of resource accessibility to sport and physical activity


Human resources and access

Human resources refers to coaches, umpires, administrators and anyone

else who contributes to the running of the club or organisation.

The quality of human resources is a significant factor in improving access

for individuals that will ultimately benefit the participants. For example,

good quality coaches (Kirron) and effective managers (Mr. Ebrington).

The importance of resource accessibility to sport and physical activity (cont.)


Physical resources and access

Physical resources refers to the venue and equipment.

The degree to which physical resources affect access and participation is

closely associated with location and cost. For example, some activities can

be done anywhere with little equipment and at a minimal cost, as opposed

to activities that require expensive equipment and specialised venues.



• Question for understanding?1. How does the physical resources at SJC

affect participation rates in:• Basketball• Soccer• Golf• Canoeing


Financial resources and access

Financial resources refer to all monies that are necessary to pay for the

maintenance or hire of facilities, equipment, administrative costs etc.

The distribution of money to various sports can vary from the top or

professional level down to the individual – the more money that filters down

to participants, the cheaper it will be to participate in that activity.



The role of values and beliefs in the distribution of resources

Resource distribution and allocation will reflect the values and beliefs of

those making the resource distribution decisions. For example, where do

most resources, money or expenditure take place in your school?

•CLT Cars

•Brekkie Van

•2 x Minibus and van

•Jimmies on the Dam

•Sport (Basketball)

•Education

Such decision makers can use resource distribution to meet their own

needs or community needs, depending on the justifications and rationale

for their decisions.


The motivation of media, government, business, schools and sporting associations when distributing sporting rewards

When people and organisations provide or give away resources and rewards, there is an expectation that there will be a return on their investment.

Such returns or investment purposes are usually for financial, self-interest and altruistic reasons. The main bodies with such vested interests include: media, government, business, schools and sporting associations and clubs.

The distribution of resources (cont.)


Question for understanding•Has the SJC First V boys basketball team enhanced the schools reputation?•Does the success of SJC basketball improve students health and self-esteem?•Should Mr. Ebrington offer scholarships for other sports?


The media in its various forms saturates the Australian market and

culture, with television being the most powerful media influence on

physical activities and sport.

Sports with wide media coverage can attract millions of dollars in

sponsorship and broadcast rights.

The media’s distribution of resources and rewards


Manchester United signs record shirt sponsorship deal

United's seven-year deal with Chevrolet, the American-based car giant, will take effect from the start of the 2014-15 season once its existing arrangement with Aon ends, and is understood to be worth up to £210 million ($315 million).


Funding begins at the elite level of sport and eventually sees

the benefits in the form of resources and rewards trickle down

to the local level in the form of accessibility, rewards and

resources. For example, Australian Rules football enjoys

many successful benefits down to the school level.

The media’s distribution of resources and rewards (cont.)


The media’s allocation of resources and rewards is typically driven by

financial rationalism.

Financial rationalism – the distribution of finances based on reason and

knowledge of sound economic theory rather than on religious belief, charity

or emotional response.

Media empires are business empires that exist to generate profits for their

owners.

The issue of financial rationalism vs social justice


List the Top ten sports covered by television and newspaper:

•1. Rugby League•2. Australian Rules football•3. Cricket•4. Football•5. Motor racing•6. Ruby union•7. Tennis**•8. Golf•9. Netball**•10. Athletics & swimming**


• According to the top ten media-exposed sports, females only feature in the bottom rung of the list. Some of the primary reasons explaining this are the media’s obsession of featuring action sports that attract a higher viewer rating and therefore sponsorship dollars that attracts millions in revenue. These masculine sports are very large part of the Australian culture, with many Australians participating in most of these sports.


• Why might this change this month??


• What is the big ticket item at the Olympic games?

• WHY?


• London 2012 Olympic Sponsors


The federal government

When it comes to supporting sport and physical activity for all Australians,

the federal government has two aims:

1. increased participation in sport and physical activity via access to

a number of program initiatives

2. to provide athletes with the opportunities and resources to

develop their athletic skills at an elite level.

Government distribution of resources and rewards


To assist the federal government, the Australian Sports

Commission was created to implement the Australian Government’s

National Sports Policy.

The Sport Commission’s two delivery arms that carry this out are:

• the Australian Institute of Sports ($80 million per year)

• the sports performance and development division.

Government distribution of resources and rewards (cont.)


State and territory government

The state government and territories have focused on participation in sport

by supporting the improvement of facilities and the development of sporting

programs and initiatives through its own branches, which include:

• The Department of Local government, Sport and Recreation

• Queensland Sport and Recreation

• Queensland School Sport Associations.



Local government

• Local governments are key stakeholders in sport and recreation.

• Local governments are a major provider of sport and recreation

infrastructure and maintenance.

• Local governments receive and distribute funding.

• Local government funding is based on economic viability reports

that can affect access for some groups.



The government’s allocation of resources is influenced by the ideas of:

• nationalism – government program aimed at funding and developing elite

athlete programs as an attempt to build national pride; however, at the

expense of marginalising other Australian sporting groups

• equity – government policy committed to ensuring that equity and

accessibility are catered for at all levels.

Issues influencing government decisions concerning the allocation of resources and rewards


• Interesting websitesGoing for gold but at what costs?• http://www.theage.com.au/national/going-f

or-gold-but-at-what-cost-20080823-40xd.html

• AIS Wikipedia• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Insti

tute_of_Sport

http://www.theage.com.au/national/going-for-gold-but-at-what-cost-20080823-40xd.html




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport

chapter 13: factors affecting access to sport and physical activity iv – the structural level

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