chapter 13 1 language and the brain. neurolinguistics 2 the relationship between language and the...
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CHAPTER 13
1
Language and the Brain
Neurolinguistics 2
The relationship between language and the brain.
Where is language located in the brain? How it all started? 1848: discovery of language ability is located in
the left part of the brain Construction foreman Phineas P.Gage
Parts of the brain 3
Parts of the brain that are related to language functions are in the areas above the left ear.
Brain stem: connects the brain to the spinal cord
Corpus callosum: connects the two hemispheres
Left hemisphere
Right hemisphere
Parts of the brain4
Parts of the brain5
Two halves: left and right hemisphere
Parts of the brain6
Parts of the brain7
Parts of the brain8
(1) Broca’s area Anterior speech cortex named after the 19th century physician Paul
Broca who reported that damage in this area was related to difficulty in speech production.
(2) Wernicke’s area Posterior speech cortex named after Karl Wernicke, a German neurologist
and psychiatrist who, in 1874, discovered that damage to this area could cause speech comprehension difficulties.
Parts of the brain9
(3) Motor cortex: Controls the movement of the muscles (for
moving hands, feet, arms, etc. as well as muscles of the face, jaw, tongue, and larynx.
Involved in the physical articulation of speech Two neurosurgeons: Penfield and Roberts (1959)
(4) Arcuate Fasciculus A bundle of nerve fiber Wernicke’s discovery Connection between Broac’s area and Wernicke’s
area
The Localization View10
The Localization View11
Specific aspects of language ability can be accorded to specific locations in the brain
Wernicke’s area arcuate fasciculus Broca’s area motor cortex
Depend on indirect methods Tip of the tongue Slips of the tongue and ear Aphasia Dichotic listening The critical period
Tip of the Tongue12
When we feel that some words are eluding us, we know the word but it just won’t come out
Initial sound, number of syllables, phonological information
‘Word storage’ system maybe partially organized on some phonological basis
Malapropism 13
A malapropism is the incorrect use of a word by substituting a similar-sounding word with different meaning, usually with comic effect.
Named after Malaprop (in a play by Sheridan)
Examples:"Eastern and Specific Time." (i.e "Pacific") "I resemble that remark!" (i.e. resent) "Yeah, I super-size with you." (i.e. sympathize)
Slips of the tongue 14
Spoonerisms: the interchange of two sounds. Named after William Spooner.
‘You have hissed all my mystery lessons.’ A long shory stort (a long story short) A fifty-pound dog of bag food Black bloxes Tup of tea
Not random- indicate different stages of linguistic expression
Slips of the ear15
How the brain makes sense of auditory signals.
great ape instead grey tape
Gladly the cross I’d bear
Aphasia16
An impairment of language function because of localized brain damage
Leads to difficulty in understanding and /or producing linguistic forms.
Caused by a stroke or accident.
Depending on the area and extent of the damage May be able to speak but not write, or vice versa Other deficiencies in language comprehension
and production, such as being able to sing but not speak.
Broca’s aphasia17
A.K.A “motor aphasia”
Involves damage to the front part of the left hemisphere
Comprehension is better.
Broca’s aphasia
Characteristics:
Speech output is severely reduced to short utterances of a few words.
Consists of lexical morphemes (nouns, verbs) Lack of syntax and diminished morphology
(agrammatic) Distorted and slow articulation May understand speech relatively well and be
able to read, but be limited in writing.
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Broca’s aphasia19
I eggs and eat and drink coffee breakfastAh ... Monday ... ah, Dad and Paul Haney [himself]
and Dad ... hospital. Two ... ah, doctors ... and ah ... thirty minutes ... and yes ... ah ... hospital. And, er, Wednesday ... nine o'clock. And er Thursday, ten o'clock ... doctors. Two doctors ... and ah ... teeth. Yeah, ... fine.
M.E. Cinderella ... poor ... um 'dopted her ... scrubbed floor, um, tidy ... poor, um ... 'dopted ... Si-sisters and mother ... ball. Ball, prince um, shoe ...
Examiner. Keep going.M.E. Scrubbed and uh washed and un...tidy, uh,
sisters and mother, prince, no, prince, yes. Cinderella hooked prince. (Laughs.) Um, um, shoes, um, twelve o'clock ball, finished.
Wernicke’s aphasia20
A.k.A “sensory aphasia”
Difficulty in auditory comprehension, but sometimes fluent speech
Wernicke’s aphasia
Characteristics
Inability to grasp the meaning of spoken words Easy production of connected speech Normally-intoned stream of grammatical
markers, pronouns, prepositions, articles, and auxiliaries
Difficulty in finding correct content words, especially nouns (anomia)
Reading and writing are often severely impaired
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Wernicke’s aphasia22
Examiner. What kind of work have you done?-- We, the kids, all of us, and I, we were working for
a long time in the... You know... it's the kind of space, I mean place rear to the spedawn...
Examiner. Excuse me, but I wanted to know what kind of work you have been doing.
-- If you had said that, we had said that, poomer, near the fortunate, porpunate, tamppoo, all around the fourth of martz. Oh, I get all confused.
Conduction Aphasia23
Results by the damage to the Arcuate Fasciculus .
Characteristics:
Good language comprehension- Wernicke's area is intact.
Connections between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas have been impaired- patients are unable to repeat what they hear.
Their spontaneous speech is often like that of Wernicke's aphasics.
Oral reading is poor, but auditory comprehension is good.
Dichotic Listening24
Dichotic Listening25
Right ear advantageThe right hemisphere
non-verbal sounds (music, coughs, traffic noises, bird singing) and all non-language sounds (among other things)
Holistic processing
Left hemisphere language sounds Analytical processing (recognizing sounds, words,
and sentences)
The Critical Period26
The specialization of the left hemisphere for language is described as lateral dominance or lateralization
Proposed by Lenneberg
This hypothesis states that there is a period where the human brain is most ready to receive input and learn a language
If a child is denied language input, she/he will not acquire language
From birth to puberty
Genie27
A girl discovered in 1970 at age 13 who had not acquired her L1
Spent her life in a state of physical, sensory, social, and emotional deprivation.
Unable to speakStarted to imitate sounds, but couldn’t produce
grammatically complex speech.She was using the right hemisphere: in dichotic
listening she showed ‘left ear advantage’