chapter 12 - wiley · web viewanswers. the following answers to active learning exercises,...

Study and Review Guide

STRESS & HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

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OUTLINE (Survey & Question)

This outline is intended to help you survey the chapter. As you read through the various sections, write down any questions or comments that come to mind in the space provided. This is a valuable part of active learning and the SQ4R method. It not only makes your reading time more enjoyable and active, but it also increases retention and understanding of the material.

TOPIC NOTES

I. UNDERSTANDING STRESS

A. Sources of Stress

B. Effects of Stress

C. Applying Psychology to Student Life:Why You Shouldn’t Procrastinate

II. STRESS AND ILLNESS

A. Cancer

B. Cardiovascular Disorders

C. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons

46 Study and Review Guide

D. Gastric Ulcers

III. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION

A. Applying Psychology to Work: Would You Like to be a Health Psychologist?

B. Tobacco

C. Alcohol

D. Chronic Pain

IV. LIVING PSYCHOLOGY—HEALTH AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

A. Emotion- and Problem-Focused Forms of Coping

B. Resources for Healthy Living

C. Applying Psychology to Work: Is my Job Stressful?

Core and Expanded LEARNING OBJECTIVES (Read, Recite & wRite)

While reading the chapter, stop periodically and recite (or repeat in your own words) the answers to the following learning objectives. It will also help your retention if you write your answer on a separate sheet. (Page numbers refer to the text Living Psychology.)

Textbook Core LO: What is stress and what are its major sources and effects?1. Differentiate between stress and stressors, eustress and distress (p. 94-95).2. Describe research findings related to Holmes and Rahe’s Social Readjustment Rating Scale, chronic

stressors, daily hassles, frustrations, and burnout (pp. 95-97)3. Contrast the three basic conflicts (p. 97-98).4. Describe the physiological effects of stress (pp. 99-101).

Textbook Core LO: How is stress related to serious illness?5. Describe how stress is related to cancer (pp. 102-103).6. Explain the relationship between stress and heart disease (p. 103).7. Contrast Type A and Type B personalities and describe the research and treatment regarding them (p.

104).8. Describe hardiness and state how it is related to stress (p. 105).



9. Describe how stress is related to PTSD and gastric ulcers (pp. 105-107).Textbook Core LO: How is health psychology involved with tobacco, alcohol, and chronic pain?10. Define health psychology and identify major occupational options for health psychologists (p.108).11. Describe factors that lead to smoking, its consequences, preventions, and how to quit (pp. 108-111).12. Discuss binge drinking on college campuses and around the world (pp. 111-112).13. Describe the role of psychologists in helping people deal with chronic pain (p. 113)14. Describe biofeedback and relaxation therapy for chronic pain (pp. 113-114).Textbook Core LO: What techniques and resources are available to help people stay healthy and cope

with stress?15. Contrast emotion-focused and problem-focused forms of coping with stress (pp. 115-116).16. List coping resources and techniques, and describe how each improves coping (pp. 116-118).

KEY TERMS (Review)

The review step in the SQ4R method is very important to your performance on quizzes and exams. Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to define the following terms.

Approach-Approach Conflict: ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: _____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: ____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Binge Drinking: __________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Burnout: _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Chronic Pain: ___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Conflict: _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Defense Mechanisms: ____________________________________________________________


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_______________________________________________________________________________

Distress: _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Emotion-Focused Forms of Coping: _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Eustress: _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

External Locus of Control: _________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Frustration: _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Hardiness: _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Hassles: _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Health Psychology: ______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

HPA Axis: ______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Internal Locus of Control: __________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Problem-Focused Forms of Coping: _________________________________________________



_______________________________________________________________________________

Psychoneuroimmunology: __________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Stress: _________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Type-A Personality: ______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Type-B Personality: ______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISES (Recite)

The recite step in the SQ4R method requires you to be an ACTIVE learner. By completing the following exercises, you will test and improve your mastery of the chapter material, which will also improve your performance on quizzes and exams. Answers to some exercises appear at the end of this study guide chapter.

ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE I

After reading pages 115-116 of the text, try identifying both an emotion-focused and a problem-focused coping strategy for each of the following situations:

1. It is the first day of classes for a new semester and about five minutes into your first class you realize you are in classroom 242 not room 424. This is a physics class not a psychology class.

2. Your significant other has just told you that he/she is in love with someone else and is getting married next August.

3. Your car has stalled on a deserted country road. As you start to get out to check the problem, two large dogs run up to your door and start barking and growling at you.

4. Your car insurance has just been canceled because of a mistake in your driving record.

5. You come to your history class expecting a normal lecture class, but you discover this is the day of the first major examination.


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ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE II

Making Sound Decisions (A Cognitive Skill)

Good decision-makers take full responsibility for their own future. They realize they are the only ones who can truly evaluate the merits and potential costs of each alternative. A critical thinker also recognizes that decisions are often stressful, but cannot be avoided. Avoiding a decision is, in fact, making one without the benefit of a careful analysis of the problem. To improve your decision-making skills, we offer the following exercise (adapted from Seech, 1987):

1. At the top of the chart, identify an ongoing personal conflict as approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, or approach-avoidance.

2. On the lines in the left-hand column, list all possible alternatives or possible courses of action. Although the wording of the "approach-approach" discussion may imply only two choices, most conflicts involve several options or alternatives. Identifying all your options will require a good deal of homework. Read up on your problem. Talk to as many people as you can.

3. Now list the logical outcome or consequence of each alternative, regardless of whether the consequence is significant or insignificant and regardless of whether it is a certain or a possible outcome.

4. Next assess both the probability and significance of each outcome. Using a 0 to 5 rating scale (0 = won't occur and 5 = certain to occur), assign a numerical rating for the likelihood that each consequence will actually occur. Using a similar 0 to 5 rating scale (0 = no significance and 5 = high significance), assess the importance you place on each consequence.

5. Now review the chart. In some cases, you may find it helpful to multiply your probability and significance ratings and then compare your results for the various alternatives. In other cases, you will find it difficult to assign numerical values to complex issues and feelings. Even in the most difficult decisions, however, the thinking and evaluation elicited by this chart may provide useful insights to your conflict. Also note the feelings you associate with each alternative. Careful decision-making tries to integrate feelings and cognitions.

6. After you've reviewed each alternative, ask yourself which choice is most in line with your overall goals and values. Some alternatives may look more-or less appealing when weighed against long-term relationship plans, career goals, and personal belief systems. You may want to discuss your chart with a trusted friend before you make a final decision.

7. Once you make your decision, commit yourself and give it all you've got. Throw away your expectations. Many decisions don't turn out the way we imagine, and if we focus on the way it is supposed to be we miss enjoying the way it is. On the other hand, if the decision is wrong, don't be afraid to change or correct your course. (“When you’re in a hole, stop digging!”)

TYPE OF CONFLICT: ____________________________

Alternatives Logical Outcome Probability Significance

1.

2.



3.

CHAPTER OVERVIEW (Review)

The following CHAPTER OVERVIEW provides a narrative overview of the main topics covered in the chapter. Like the Visual Summary found at the end of each chapter in the text, this narrative summary provides a final opportunity to review chapter material.

I. SOURCES OF STRESS

Stress is the body's arousal, both physical and mental, to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging. A situation or event, either pleasant or unpleasant, that triggers arousal and causes stress is known as a stressor.

The major sources of stress are life changes, chronic stressors, hassles, burnout, frustration, and conflicts. Chronic stressors are ongoing events such as poor working conditions. Hassles are little everyday life problems that pile up to cause major stress. Persistent hassles and a loss of initial idealism in your work situation can lead to a form of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion known as burnout. Frustration has to do with blocked goals, whereas conflict involves two or more competing goals. Conflicts can be classified as approach--approach, avoidance--avoidance, or approach--avoidance.

II. EFFECTS OF STRESS

When stressed, the body undergoes physiological changes. The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated, increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Stressors also activate the HPA axis (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex), which increases the stress hormone cortisol. Increased cortisol decreases immune system functioning, which can render the body susceptible to a number of diseases.

Hans Selye described a generalized physiological reaction to severe stressors, which he called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). It has three phases: the alarm reaction, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase.

III. STRESS AND ILLNESS

Cancer appears to result from an interaction of heredity, environmental insults (such as smoking), and immune system deficiency. Stress may be an important cause of decreased immunity. During times of stress, the body may be less able to check cancer cell multiplication because the immune system is suppressed.

The leading cause of death in the United States is heart disease. Risk factors include smoking, stress, obesity, a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, and Type A personality (if it includes cynical hostility). The two main approaches to modifying Type A behavior are the shotgun approach and the target behavior approach. People with psychological hardiness are less vulnerable to stress because of three distinctive personality characteristics—commitment, control, and challenge.


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Exposure to extraordinary stress (like war or rape) may lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Contrary to current opinion that gastric ulcers are caused only by the H. pylori bacterium, psychological research shows that stress also plays a major role.

IV. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION

Health psychology, the study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness, is a growing field in psychology with a wide variety of career opportunites. Because smoking is the single most preventable cause of death and disease in the United States, prevention and cessation of smoking are of primary importance to all health practitioners, including health psychologists. Smoking prevention programs involve educating the public about short- and long-term consequences of smoking, trying to make smoking less socially acceptable, and helping nonsmokers resist social pressures to smoke. Most approaches to help people quit smoking include cognitive and behavioral techniques to aid smokers in their withdrawal from nicotine, along with nicotine replacement therapy (using patches, gum, and pills).. Alcohol is one of our most serious health problems. In addition to health risks to the individual, alcohol also plays a major role in social issues, such as murder, suicide, spousal abuse and accidental death. Binge drinking also is a serious problem that occurs when a man has five or more drinks in a row and a woman has four or more.

Chronic pain is continuous or recurrent pain that persists over a period of six months or more.Although psychological factors rarely are the source of chronic pain, they can encourage and intensify it. Increased activity, exercise, and dietary changes help to reduce chronic pain. Health psychologists also use behavior modification, biofeedback, and relaxation techniques to treat chronic pain.

V. LIVING PSYCHOLOGY—HEALTH AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

The two major forms of coping with stress are emotion-focused and problem-focused. Emotion-focused coping strategies change how we view stressful situations, and one of the most common forms is the use of defense mechanisms. Problem-focused coping deals directly with the situation or the factor causing the stress so as to decrease or eliminate it. The ability to cope with a stressor also depends on the resources available to a person, including health and exercise, positive beliefs, social skills, social support, material resources, control, and relaxation.



SELF-TESTS (Review & wRite)

Completing the following SELF-TESTS will provide immediate feedback on how well you have mastered the material. In the fill-in exercises, write the appropriate word or words in the blank spaces. The matching exercise requires you to match the terms in one column to their correct definitions in the other. For the multiple-choice questions in Practice Tests I and II, circle or underline the correct answer. When you are unsure of any answer, be sure to highlight or specially mark the item and then go back to the text for further review. Correct answers are provided at the end of this study guide chapter.

Crossword Puzzle for Chapter 3


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ACROSS

1 Resilient personality that includes a strong commitment to personal goals, control over life, and viewing change as a challenge rather than a threat. 5 Pleasant, desirable stress. 6 A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it; the arousal, both physical and mental, to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging. 8 Small problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major stress. 14 Unpleasant, objectionable stress. 16 Continuous or recurrent pain over a period of 6 months or longer. 18 Studies how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness. 19 Believing that one controls one's own fate. 20 Behavior characteristics including intense ambition, competition, drive, constant preoccupation with responsibilities, exaggerated time urgency, and a cynical, hostile outlook. 21 Behavior characteristics consistent with a calm, patient, relaxed attitude toward life.

DOWN

2 Forced choice between two or more alternatives, which have both desirable and undesirable results.

3 Selye's three-phase (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion) reaction to severe stress. 4 Interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of psychological factors on the immune system. 7 Unconscious strategies used to distort reality and relieve anxiety and guilt. 9 Anxiety disorder following exposure to a life-threatening or other extreme event that evoked great horror or helplessness; characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning. 10 Having to choose between two or more desirable alternatives. 11 Forced choice between two or more undesirable alternatives. 12 Believing that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate. 13 An unpleasant tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic activity resulting from a blocked goal. 15 Physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion attributable to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations. 17 Having to choose between two or more incompatible goals or impulses.

FILL-IN EXERCISES

1. The text defines stress as “ a _________ response of the body to any _________ made on it (p. 94).

2. Selye called _________ beneficial, pleasant, or desirable stress (p. 95).

3. Having to choose between two alternatives that will both lead to undesirable results is known as a(n) _________ conflict (p. 98).

4. The three-phase bodily response to chronic stress (Selye’s general adaptation syndrome), includes the _________, the _________, and the __________ (p. 101).

5. Being hard driving, competitive, ambitious, impatient, and hostile is characteristic of the _________ personality; whereas having a laid-back, calm, relaxed attitude toward life is typical of the _________ personality (p. 104).



6. The study of how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness is known as __________ (p. 108).

7. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the single most preventable cause of death and disease in the United States is _________ (p. 109).

8. _________ occurs when a man consumes 5 or more drinks in a row or a woman consumes 4 or more (p. 111).

9. An increase in activity and exercise levels can be beneficial to pain patients because exercise increases the release of _________ (p. 113).

10. If you decide to confront a coworker to tell him/her that they are not doing their share of the work, you are using a ________ coping strategy (pp. 115-116).

MATCHING EXERCISES

Column A Column B

a. Problem-Focused Strategy 1.____ Small everyday problems.b. Defense Mechanisms 2.____ Studies effect of psychological function on immune system.c. Hassles 3.____ Exhaustion from emotionally demanding situations.d. Frustration 4.____ Unpleasant state from two or more competing goals.e. Burnout 5.____ Conflict with both desirable and undesirable results.f. Type A personality 6.____ Unconscious strategies that protect the ego. g. Psychoneuroimmunology 7.____ Deals directly with the stress with problem-solving.h. Approach-Avoidance 8.____ Alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion phase.i. Hans Selye 9.____ Unpleasant state resulting from a blocked goal.j. Conflict 10.____ Ambitious, competitive, hard driving.

PRACTICE TEST I

1. Hans Selye defines stress as the _____.a. reaction of the autonomic nervous

system to a specific challenge imposed from outside the body

b. nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it

c. activation of the sympathetic nervous system

d. intellectual response made to any stressor

2. Distress _____.a. a stimulus that causes stressb. relative to each culture and everyone

within a culture will experience the same stressors

c. roughly equivalent to punishmentd. unpleasant, objectionable stress

3. Life changes may affect health because they _____.a. require adjustments in behavior and

lifestyleb. cause us to reassess our life stylec. are always the result of something bad

happeningd. are known to increase the level of

cortisol above normal

4. A bad marriage, poor working conditions, and an intolerable political climate are all examples of possible _____.a. life changes


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b. avoidance-avoidance conflictsc. chronic stressorsd. hassles

5. Trying to decide which of two equally good concerts to attend on a Friday night is a(n) _____.a. approach-avoidance conflictb. avoidance-avoidance conflictc. approach-approach conflictd. transitory positive conflict

6. During ongoing, chronic stress, the _____ stimulates the release of cortisol, a stress hormone which increases energy.a. spinal cordb. autonomic nervous systemc. thalamusd. HPA axis

7. The three phases of the general adaptation syndrome are _____.a. preparation, alarm reaction, incubation b. alarm reaction, incubation, resistance c. alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion d. incubation, resistance, exhaustion

8. This is NOT a factor known to contribute to the onset of cancer.a. heredityb. essential hypertensionc. environmentd. immune system changes

9. A heart attack is _____.a. a disorder of the lining of the heartb. death of heart muscle tissuec. elevated blood pressure that leads to

deathd. elevated blood pressure because of

kidney failure

10. Having a Type-A personality is associated with _____.a. chronic painb. cancerc. smoking cigarettesd. heart disease

11. Slow normal speech, relaxed and comfortable posture, and a good sense of humor are characteristics of _____.a. brain diseaseb. Type-A behaviorc. Type-B behaviord. Alzheimer's disease

12. Hardiness is _____. a. high levels of phenylalanineb. a resilient personality characteristicc. aerobic staminad. none of the above

13. People who survive a horrific attack or personal tragedy may develop _____. a. an approach-approach conflictb. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)c. a problem-focused form of coping

with stressd. a Type-A personality

14. _____ studies the relationship between psychological behavior and physical health/illness, with a large emphasis on "wellness" and the prevention of illness.a. Environmental psychologyb. Gestalt psychologyc. Humanistic psychologyd. Health psychology

15. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, what is the single most preventable cause of death and disease in the United States?a. cigarette smokingb. lack of exercisec. overeatingd. heart disease

16. Why do young people start smoking?a. peer pressureb. imitation of role modelsc. want to look matured. all of the above

17. Which of the following statements about chronic pain is true?a. Chronic pain should never last longer

than a few days.



b. It is the most common reason why people seek medical attention.

c. Chronic pain is the leading cause of drug addiction in the 45- to 60-year-old age group.

d. Chronic pain is necessary for survival.

18. Naturally produced brain chemicals that reduce pain perception are called _____.a. opiatesb. adrenalinec. endorphinsd. epinephrine

19. Which of the following has been used in an attempt to alleviate chronic pain?a. monosodium glutamate therapyb. biofeedbackc. epinephrine injectionsd. complaint-catharsis therapy

20. Which of the following is a good resource for effectively coping with stress?a. positive beliefsb. health and energyc. social skillsd. all of the above

PRACTICE TEST II

1. In the 1800’s the major causes of death were ______, but today the major causes are _____.a. starvation; obesityb. accidents; stress-related illnessesc. contagious diseases; non-contagious

diseases d. physiological; psychological

2. Physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion attributable to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations is _____.a. the result of a large number of hasslesb. known as burnoutc. the definition of posttraumatic stress

disorder (PTSD)d. called “finals week”

3. _____ is an unpleasant state of tension resulting from a blocked goal.a. Conflict

b. Burnoutc. Heart diseased. Frustration

4. Having to choose between two or more incompatible goals or impulses is known as _____.a. frustrationb. burnoutc. distressd. conflict

5. An approach-avoidance conflict is caused by _____.a. increasing life demands, hassles, and

chronic stressorsb. an inaccurate or exaggerated response

to a real or perceived threat to a valued relationship

c. having to choose between two or more alternatives, which both have desirable and undesirable results

d. a blocked goal

6. The sympathetic nervous system _____.a. is activated by the hypothalamus

during stressb. increases heart ratec. releases hormones such as epinephrine

and norepinephrined. all of the above

7. _____ is an interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of psychological factors on the immune system.a. Health psychologyb. Psychiatryc. Psychneuroimmunologyd. None of the above

8. Hans Selye described a generalized physiological reaction to severe stressors that he called the _____.a. HPA axisb. posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)c. general adaptation syndrome (GAS)d. internal locus of control (ILOC)

9. Compared to non-procrastinators, students who procrastinate on class assignments _____.


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a. get higher grades because they work better under pressure

b. drop out of college in greater numbers c. have fewer illnesses because they are

less stressedd. receive lower grades on term papers

10. Chest pain due to an insufficient blood supply to the heart is called _____.a. anginab. heart diseasec. atherosclerosisd. a heart attack

11. Hardy people see challenges as _____.a. obstacles to self-actualizationb. opportunities for growth and

improvementc. a chance for purposeful activity and

problem solvingd. opportunities for enlisting social

support

12. _____ is the major risk factor for coronary heart disease and lung cancer.a. Stressb. Binge drinkingc. Smokingd. Conflict

13. An increase in acetylcholine and norepinephrine is associated with _____.a. nicotineb. any alcohol consumptionc. binge drinking d. stress

14. Once you begin smoking, you continue because _____.a. nicotine is addictiveb. it increases alertnessc. it stimulates the release of dopamined. all of the above

15. Chronic pain from tension headaches and lower back pain has been effectively treated by _____.

a. EMG biofeedback b. EEG biofeedbackc. psychopharmacologyd. emotion-focused forms of coping

16. Unconscious strategies used to distort reality and relieve anxiety and guilt are known as _____. a. problem-focused forms of copingb. emotional approaches c. burnoutd. defense mechanisms

17. When you focus on decreasing or eliminating a stressor, you are using _____.a. An emotion-focused form of copingb. a problem-solving setc. a problem-focused form of coping d. a practical defense mechanism

18. Taking this practice test is a(n) _____ form of coping.a. emotion-focusedb. overachiever’sc. problem-focusedd. resource enlisted coping style (RECS)

19. A(n) _____ locus of control is associated with better coping skills.a. extrinsicb. internalc. heightenedd. relaxed

20. This is NOT an effective coping resource.a. an external locus of controlb. an internal locus of controlc. positive beliefsd. social support

ANSWERS



The following answers to active learning exercises, fill-ins, matching exercises, and practice tests 1 and 2 provide immediate feedback on your mastery of the material. Try not to simply memorize the answers. When you are unsure of your “guess” or make an error, be sure to go back to the textbook and carefully review. This will greatly improve your scores on classroom exams and quizzes.

FILL-IN EXERCISES

1. nonspecific, demand; 2. eustress; 3. avoidance-avoidance; 4. alarm reaction, resistance phase, exhaustion phase; 5. Type A, Type B; 6. health psychology; 7. cigarette smoking; 8. binge drinking; 9. endorphins; 10. problem-focused.

MATCHING EXERCISES

a. 7, b. 6, c. 1, d. 9, e. 3, f. 10, g. 2, h. 5, i. 8, j. 4.


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PRACTICE TEST I

1. b (p. 94) 11. c (p. 104)2. d (p. 95) 12. b (p. 105)3. a (p. 95) 13. b (p. 105)4. c (p. 95-96) 14. d (p. 108)5. c (p. 98) 15. a (p. 109)6. d (p. 100) 16. d (p. 109)7. c (p. 101) 17. b (p. 113)8. b (p. 102-103) 18. c (p. 113)9. b (p. 103) 19. b (p. 113)10.d (p. 104) 20. d (p. 116-117)

PRACTICE TEST II

1. c (p. 94) 11. b (p. 105)2. b (p. 97) 12. c (p. 109)3. d (p. 97) 13. a (p. 110)4. d (p. 97) 14. d (p. 110)5. c (p. 98) 15. a (p. 113)6. d (p. 99) 16. d (p. 115)7. c (p. 100) 17. c (p. 115)8. c (p. 101) 18. c (p. 116)9. d (p. 101) 19. b (p. 117)10.a (p.103) 20. a (p. 117)

chapter 12 - wiley · web viewanswers. the following answers to active learning exercises,...

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