Chapter 12“The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages”

1300-1460

AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON

MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

Europe Today

Europe in 1300

Chapter 12:The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

“THE DARK AGES”

The Black DeathThe Hundred Years

WarThe Great Schism

I. Black Death Vulnerability: The Great Famine 1315-1322

A. Severe weather “The Little Ice Age” = price inflation

1. ¼ of all harvests were poor

2. caloric intake

a) susceptibility to disease

b) productivity = prices

3. Social Consequences

a) in homeless people

b) in marriages and pop.

c) in crime

d) anti-Semitism

4. Solutions?

a) Gov’t disorganization, failure to work as a Eu community

II. The Black Death 1347-1350

A. The Causes

1. improved ship design =year round shipping

2. malnutrition

3. poor public and personal sanitation

B. The Spread

1. bacteria live in stomach of fleas, then rats

2. bubonic – transmitted by flea

3. pneumonic – transmitted by person

C. The Symptoms

1. boils (buba) on the neck

2. internal bleeding, coughing

3. horrid stench“All the matter which exuded from their bodies let off an unbearable stench; sweat,

excrement, breath, so fetid as to be overpowering; urine thick, black or red.” French Scientist

Genoa, Italy

D. Effects

1. 33% of Europe’s pop died – 60 million

2. Economic inflation

a) production prices

b) labor cost of slaves

3. Religious extremism

a) flagellants – believed the disease was God’s punishment

4. Religious questioning, suspicion

5. Anti-Semitism

6. Mass graves

7. Universities and medical knowledge

8. Cultural cohesion, internationalism

Europe in 1300

Causes of the Hundred Years War

III. The Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453

A. Embodies the struggle b/t Eng and Fr monarchies

B. Causes – see graphic

1. expansionist Fr vs. Eng rights to the duchy of Aquitaine

2. Eng and Fr kings stir up nationalism

C. Fr Victory

1. Eng see successes early

2. 1429 - peasant girl Joan of Arc claims divine inspiration and leads Fr

3. 1430 – captured, charged w/heresy, burned at the stake

D. Consequences

1. disarray, loss of pop, higher taxes

2. growth of nationalism in Eng and Fr

IV. Decline of the Roman Catholic Church’s (RCC) Prestige

A. The Middle Ages’ RCC = POWER

1. Excommunication was common

B. 1309-1376 - Babylonian Captivity

1. popes lived in Avignon, Fr

2. corruption, greed, luxurious living

3. loss of papal connection to Rome

C. The Great Schism 1378-1417

1. 1377 – Pope Gregory XI returned papacy to Rome, died soon after

2. The Great Schism = Cardinals can’t agree on pope

a) Pope Urban VI - Rome, Pope Clement VII -Fr

3. France recognizes Clement, Eng Urban

a) Eu confusion and loss of faith for many “Which pope is legit?”

b) increase in heresy, reform movements

4. 1417 – Cardinals agree to unify, Martin V new pope

Execution of Jan HusJan Hus was tragically burnt at the stake in 1415. Hus denounced superstition, the sale of indulgences, and other abuses by the church. He went into exile where he continued to dispute papal authority. In 1413 the emperor Sigismund urged the calling of a general council to end the Great Schism. Hus was invited and assured safety. Instead he was arrested, executed, his teachings banned, and his books burned. In 1990, the date of his execution was declared a Czech national holiday.

Execution of Jan Hus

V. The Life of the People

A. Marriage

1. Parents arranged in village usually

2. girls b/t 12-20; men b/t 25-35

3. Prostitution common, accepted for males

4. Divorce did not exist

B. Life in the Parish

1. Lords, vassals, peasants

2. craft guilds – groups that agree to make a product

3. Hundred Yrs War = employment

4. violent entertainment – jousts, executions

C. Fur-Collar Crime

1. like white-collar crime today = nobles stealing from weak

2. after war, many nobles couldn’t afford the noble lifestyle

3. few were punished b/c of weak gov’ts

D. Peasant Revolts1. 1300-1500 peasant revolts increased

2. High taxes on poor during the war

3. Victimized by disease, famine, fur-collar criminals

E. Race and Ethnicity on the Frontiers

1. Migration across Eu was increasing

2. G moved to E Eu to flee disease

3. inter-ethnic marriage forbidden in most places

Chapter 12:The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

The Black DeathThe Hundred Years

WarThe Great Schism