chapter 12 section 4 beyond mendelian heredity · 2020-04-08 · beyond mendelian heredity ....
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Chapter 12 Section 4
Beyond Mendelian Heredity
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 12 Section 4: Beyond Mendelian Heredity
Key Vocabulary Terms
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Polygenic Character
A character that is influenced by more
than one gene
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Codominance
A phenotype that results when both
alleles for a gene are fully expressed
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Linked
In genetics, describes two or more genes
that tend to be inherited together
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Incomplete Dominance
An offspring has a phenotype that is
intermediate between the
traits of its two parents
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Multiple Alleles
• Genes that have three or more possible alleles.
• Multiple alleles exist for hair color in mice.
• Only two alleles for a gene can be present in one individual.
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Pleiotropy
One gene affects two or more traits.
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Various
Many kinds of…
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Carrier
Carriers have alleles for a disorder but do not show symptoms.
Carriers can pass the allele for the disorder to their offspring.
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Albinism
unable to produce the pigment that gives dark color to skin, eyes, and hair.
Without this pigment, the body may appear white or pink. A recessive allele causes albinism.
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Sex-Linked Gene
A sex-linked gene is located on either an X or a Y
chromosome, but most are located on the X
chromosome.
The sex chromosomes, X and Y, carry genes for many
characters other than gender.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 12 Section 4:
Beyond Mendelian Heredity
Notes
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Pedigree
A pedigree diagram shows how a trait or disorder is inherited through many generations.
It shows 3 things:
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1. Sex-Linked Genes
Genes that occur only on an X or a Y chromosome
2. Dominant or Recessive traits
3. Hetero- or Homo- zygous traits
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Sex-Linked Genes
The gene for
hemophilia and
colorblindness is
only found on the X
chromosome.
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Symbols for sex-linked traits
Hemophilia is a recessive disorder
Xh X chromosome with hemophilia gene
X X chromosome with no hemophilia gene
Y Y chromosome
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Symbols for sex-linked traits
• Genotypes
Xh Xh female with hemophilia
Xh X female carrier – no hemophilia
X X female - no hemophilia
Xh Y male with hemophilia
X Y male with no hemophilia
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Male hemophiliac with a female carrier (X = normal female, Xh = hemophilia, Y =
normal male)
Male Hemophiliac
Female carrier
hemophilia
X Xh XY
Xh Xh Xh Y
Female Carrier Normal Male
Female hemophiliac Male hemophiliac
Xh Y
X
Xh
Xh Y
X Xh
7
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Can a normal color vision male and female have a son who is color-blind? Yes!
Show the Punnett square.
Male
Female carrier
X X XY
Xc X Xc Y
Female Normal Male
Female carrier Male color-blind
X Y
X
Xc
X Y
X Xc
6
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Polygenic Inheritance
– many genes control a single trait (e.g. human height or skin color)
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Incomplete Dominance
Neither allele is dominant; the
heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype
A red snapdragon crossed with a white snapdragon results in
a pink snapdragon.
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Multiple Alleles
• for a trait - three or more alleles occur within a population.
ABO blood groups A and B alleles are dominant to O A and B are codominant
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Blood Types