chapter 12 pictorial drawings. objectives explain the importance of pictorial drawings as an aid in...
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Chapter 12
Pictorial Drawings
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Objectives• Explain the importance of pictorial
drawings as an aid in visualization• Create an isometric drawing of an object
composed of principal, inclined, and oblique surfaces
• Draw ellipses on the front, top, and right faces of the isometric to represent cylinders and holes
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Objectives (cont’d.)• Explain the difference between a cavalier
and cabinet oblique drawing• Create an oblique drawing given the
orthographic drawing of an object• Create a two-point perspective drawing
given the orientation of the plan view and the location of the elevation view
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Introduction• Pictorial drawings can help visualize a 3-D
object• Also important when assembling parts into
mechanisms or purchasing replacement parts
• Not used as working drawings• Many types and variations
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Axonometric DrawingsFIGURE 12.03. Three visible normal surfaces (frontal, horizontal, and profile) of a prism have equal angles between them (120°) in an isometric drawing.
FIGURE 12.04. In a diametricdrawing, two of the three visiblenormal surfaces (frontal andprofile) of a prism have edgespresented at equal angles, notequal to 120°.
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Axonometric Drawings (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.05. A trimetric drawing presents the three visible normal surfaces (frontal, horizontal, and profile) of a prism in a position where none of the angles between the surface edges is equal.
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Isometric Drawing
FIGURE 12.07. Theisometric axes.
FIGURE 12.06. Orthographicviews of a step block.
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Isometric Drawing (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.08. The steps to draw an isometric pictorial of the step block.
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Inclined Surfaces
FIGURE 12.09. Orthographic views of a step block with an inclined surface.
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Inclined Surfaces (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.10. The step involved to create an isometric pictorial of a step block with an inclined surface.
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Oblique Surfaces
FIGURE 12.11. Orthographic views of a step block with an oblique surface.
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Oblique Surfaces (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.12. The steps involved to create an isometric pictorial of a step block with an oblique surface.
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Cylindrical Surfaces
FIGURE 12.18. An isometric cube showing ellipses on each face. Note the orientation of the long (major) axis for the ellipse on each of the three normal faces.
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Cylindrical Surfaces (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.19. Drawing an ellipse on the top isometric surface using the traditional four-center method.
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Cylindrical Surfaces (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.21. Drawing anellipse on the left isometricsurface using the traditionalfour-center method.
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Ellipses on Inclined Surfaces
FIGURE 12.24. Steps 1 and 2 to create an isometric pictorial showing a vertical circular hole in an inclined surface.
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Ellipses on Inclined Surfaces (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.25. Steps 3 and 4 to create an isometric pictorial showing a vertical circular hole in an inclined surface.
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Ellipses on Inclined Surfaces (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.26. Steps 5 and 6 to create an isometric pictorial showing a vertical circular hole in an inclined surface.
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Ellipses on Inclined Surfaces (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.27. The finishedconstruction of the verticalcircular hole in an inclinedsurface.
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Oblique Drawings• Types of oblique drawings
FIGURE 12.29. A cavalier oblique pictorial.
FIGURE 12.30. A cabinet oblique pictorial.
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Construction of Oblique Drawings
FIGURE 12.31. The stepsrequired to construct an oblique pictorial.
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Construction of an Object with Circular Features
FIGURE 12.32. The steps required to construct an oblique pictorial with circular features.
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Perspective Drawings
FIGURE 12.33. An illustration showing railroad tracks converging to a vanishing point on the horizon.
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Types of Perspective Drawings
FIGURE 12.34. An example of a two-point perspective drawing.
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Types of Perspective Drawings (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.35. An example of athree-point perspective drawing.
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Two-Point Perspective Drawings
FIGURE 12.36. The relationship between the PP and the object.
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Construction of a Two-Point Perspective Drawing
FIGURE 12.37. Establishingand marking the left and rightvanishing points.
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Construction of a Two-Point Perspective Drawing (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.38. Establishing the ML.
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Construction of a Two-Point Perspective Drawing (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.45. Drawing the visual rays of the object to the PP through the SP.
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Construction of a Two-Point Perspective Drawing (cont’d.)
FIGURE 12.47. Completion of the perspective.
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Complex Object in Two-Point Perspective
FIGURE 12.48. A two-point perspective drawing of a complex object.
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Considerations for 3-D Modeling• Easiest way to create pictorial drawings is
to extract from solid models– Usually matter of specifying viewing
orientation and amount of perspective– Very easy to extract
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Summary• Used pictorial drawings for visualization
and understanding 3-D relationships of objects
• Created isometric drawings for simple communication
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Summary (cont’d.)• Introduced oblique drawings, which are
very quickly and simply created• Used perspective drawings for applications
that demand the most realistic appearance