Chapter 12 Motivation pt. 1: Chapter 12 Motivation pt. 1: Drives, Hunger, and the Hierarchy Drives, Hunger, and the Hierarchy

of Needsof Needs

Motivation Guides BehaviorMotivation Guides BehaviorMotivation:Motivation: is a need or is a need or desire that serves to desire that serves to energize behavior.energize behavior.

Behavior is guided by Behavior is guided by both physiological and both physiological and psychological psychological needs/desires.needs/desires.

Evolutionary MotivatorsEvolutionary MotivatorsInstinct:Instinct:

inherited inherited pattern of pattern of behavior that behavior that is unlearned. is unlearned. Most common Most common in species in species outside of outside of humans. humans.

Ex:Ex: Imprinting Imprinting

Internal MotivationInternal MotivationHow do you know when it is time How do you know when it is time

for a glass of water?for a glass of water?

This Feeling of Thirstiness This Feeling of Thirstiness Creates a DriveCreates a Drive

Drive:Drive: type of motivation that is type of motivation that is experienced as an aroused state of experienced as an aroused state of psychological /physiological tension psychological /physiological tension caused by some need. caused by some need. Ex:Ex: Sex Drive Sex Drive

Drives motivate us to do something. Drives motivate us to do something. The goal of our body according to some The goal of our body according to some

psychologists, is to ELIMINATE all drives psychologists, is to ELIMINATE all drives so that we can experience so that we can experience homeostasishomeostasis: : a balanced or constant internal state a balanced or constant internal state that the body regulates.that the body regulates.

Thermostat Thermostat

Drive Reduction TheoryDrive Reduction TheoryDrive Reduction Theory:Drive Reduction Theory: idea that idea that

physiological needs create tension physiological needs create tension states (drives) which motivates states (drives) which motivates organism to satisfy the need.organism to satisfy the need.

Ex: Thirstiness (physiological Ex: Thirstiness (physiological need) creates tension state (drive) need) creates tension state (drive) which motivates you to get water.which motivates you to get water.

After you drink, the drive is After you drink, the drive is reduced and you are closer to reduced and you are closer to homeostasis.homeostasis.

Drive Reduction Theory in Drive Reduction Theory in ActionAction

External Incentives Also External Incentives Also Influence MotivationInfluence Motivation

Incentives:Incentives: a positive or negative a positive or negative environmental stimulus that environmental stimulus that motivates behavior apart from motivates behavior apart from “need” to reduce drives.“need” to reduce drives.

Ex: money, etc.Ex: money, etc.

Theory of Optimal ArousalTheory of Optimal ArousalAlthough our bodies try to Although our bodies try to

reduce tension inducing reduce tension inducing arousal, organisms are arousal, organisms are often motivated by often motivated by curiosity (not a curiosity (not a physiological need) and physiological need) and seek out arousal which seek out arousal which may help them gain may help them gain access to information and access to information and resources.resources.

Organisms want to avoid Organisms want to avoid boredom. boredom.

Babies Explore their surroundings out of curiosity.

Monkeys Illustrating Optimal Monkeys Illustrating Optimal ArousalArousal

Know Components of Know Components of Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy

of Needsof Needs-Physical -Physical

Needs at Needs at bottoms must bottoms must be met first.be met first.

-Psychological -Psychological goals come goals come after…ultimate after…ultimate goal is goal is self self actualization.actualization.

Physiology and HungerPhysiology and HungerStomach contractions (hunger Stomach contractions (hunger

pangs) accompany our feelings pangs) accompany our feelings of hungerof hunger. .

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time in minutes

Subject swallowsballoon, which

measures stomachcontraction

Subject presseskey each timewhen hungry

Stomach contractions

Hunger pangs

Body Chemistry’s Body Chemistry’s Influence on HungerInfluence on Hunger

Glucose:Glucose: blood sugar that provides blood sugar that provides energy to the body tissues. energy to the body tissues.

When your glucose levels are LOW you When your glucose levels are LOW you will feel hungry, when glucose levels are will feel hungry, when glucose levels are HIGH you will feel full. HIGH you will feel full.

The hormone The hormone insulininsulin is the primary is the primary regulator of glucose levels. regulator of glucose levels.

Without insulin the body does not Without insulin the body does not effectively dispose of glucose and provide effectively dispose of glucose and provide it as energy (diabetes). it as energy (diabetes).

Neurotransmitters Influence Neurotransmitters Influence on Hungeron Hunger

Like glucose, if the following Like glucose, if the following neurotransmitters are at low neurotransmitters are at low levels you will feel hungry, levels you will feel hungry, and if they are at high levels and if they are at high levels you will feel full:you will feel full:NorepinephrineNorepinephrineDopamineDopamineSerotoninSerotonin

The Brain and HungerThe Brain and HungerThe The hypothalamushypothalamus is the main brain is the main brain

structure which monitors hunger along structure which monitors hunger along with other maintenance activities. with other maintenance activities.

The The lateral hypothalamuslateral hypothalamus brings on brings on hunger; if destroyed no interest in hunger; if destroyed no interest in food/stimulation will do opposite.food/stimulation will do opposite.

The The ventromedial hypothalamusventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger; if destroyed animal depresses hunger; if destroyed animal will overeat/stimulation will do will overeat/stimulation will do opposite.opposite.

The Mystery of the Fat The Mystery of the Fat RatRat

Causes?Causes?

Brain Chemical that Affects Brain Chemical that Affects HungerHunger

Leptin:Leptin: is a protein produced by is a protein produced by bloated fat cells; when these levels bloated fat cells; when these levels rise the body tells you to stop eating rise the body tells you to stop eating and pursue some type of activityand pursue some type of activity. .

Mice ExperimentMice Experiment

Hunger Hormones Hunger Hormones

Insulin- controls blood Insulin- controls blood glucoseglucose

Orexin- increases Orexin- increases hungerhunger

Ghrelin- “I’m hungry”Ghrelin- “I’m hungry”PYY- “I’m Not Hungry”PYY- “I’m Not Hungry”

Genetic Influences on Genetic Influences on Hunger /WeightHunger /Weight

Number of fat cells is determined by Number of fat cells is determined by genetics to a certain extent. genetics to a certain extent.

Set Point:Set Point: body’s ideal weight set by its body’s ideal weight set by its “weight thermostat.”“weight thermostat.”

When body falls below weight; hunger When body falls below weight; hunger increases and a lowered metabolic rate increases and a lowered metabolic rate continues. continues.

Basal Metabolic RateBasal Metabolic Rate (metabolism): (metabolism): body’s resting rate of energy expenditure. body’s resting rate of energy expenditure. Some individuals’ metabolisms are Some individuals’ metabolisms are

much higher than others. much higher than others.

Time’s Affect on HungerTime’s Affect on HungerMemory of our last meal can also Memory of our last meal can also

affect hunger along with our affect hunger along with our schedule of when we usually eat.schedule of when we usually eat.

Amnesia Patients Example.Amnesia Patients Example.

Learning and HungerLearning and HungerIf good eating habits are positively If good eating habits are positively

reinforced and bad habits punished, reinforced and bad habits punished, children will often eat healthy. children will often eat healthy.

People can also develop taste People can also develop taste aversions due to certain associations. aversions due to certain associations. Ex:Ex: chemotherapy patients. chemotherapy patients.

Modeling:Modeling: modeling of healthy or modeling of healthy or poor eating habits can effect a child’s poor eating habits can effect a child’s eating.eating.Ex: Lebron James drinks Sprite.Ex: Lebron James drinks Sprite.

Culture’s Influence on EatingCulture’s Influence on EatingAlthough our preferences for sweet and Although our preferences for sweet and

salty foods are genetic and universal, our salty foods are genetic and universal, our culture’s eating norms affect our specific culture’s eating norms affect our specific eating habits. eating habits.

Monkey Stew is a popular dish in some Eastern cultures. This steak would seem repulsive to

eat to most Hindus.

Culture’s Influence on Eating Culture’s Influence on Eating (disorders)(disorders)

Many argue the impossible standards of Many argue the impossible standards of beauty put out by popular culture has beauty put out by popular culture has lead to an increase in eating disorders:lead to an increase in eating disorders:

Anorexia Nervosa:Anorexia Nervosa: eating disorder in eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat and starves themselves.still feels fat and starves themselves.

Bulimia Nervosa:Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder an eating disorder usually characterized by excessive eating usually characterized by excessive eating followed by vomiting.followed by vomiting.

Changing Beauty Standards Changing Beauty Standards Correlate with Eating Correlate with Eating

DisordersDisorders

KATE MOSSMARILYN MONROEIDEAL UNTIL 1900’S

Anorexia Often Ends In Anorexia Often Ends In DeathDeath

Women’s Distorted Ideals Women’s Distorted Ideals of Body Imageof Body Image

Thinnest Women’sideal

What womenbelieved men

preferred

What menactually

preferred

Women’scurrent

body image

Fattest