chapter 12 food, soil conservation, and pest management

Chapter 12Chapter 12

Food, Soil Conservation, Food, Soil Conservation, and Pest Managementand Pest Management

FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONFOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

Global food production has stayed ahead of Global food production has stayed ahead of population growth. However:population growth. However: 1/6 of people in developing countries cannot grow or buy 1/6 of people in developing countries cannot grow or buy

the food they need.the food they need. The root cause of hunger and malnutrition is The root cause of hunger and malnutrition is

poverty.poverty. Food securityFood security - every person in a given area has - every person in a given area has

access to enough nutritious food to have an active access to enough nutritious food to have an active and healthy life.and healthy life. macronutrientsmacronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, and fats). (protein, carbohydrates, and fats). micronutrientsmicronutrients (vitamins such as A,C, and E). (vitamins such as A,C, and E).

FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONFOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

1/3 of people have a 1/3 of people have a deficiency of one or deficiency of one or more vitamins and more vitamins and mineralsminerals vitamin Avitamin A iodine iodine

• goiter - enlargement of goiter - enlargement of thyroid glandthyroid gland

ironiron

Figure 13-2Figure 13-2

War and the EnvironmentWar and the Environment

Starving children Starving children collecting ants to eat collecting ants to eat in famine-stricken in famine-stricken Sudan, Africa which Sudan, Africa which has been involved in has been involved in civil war since 1983.civil war since 1983.


Solutions: Reducing Childhood Solutions: Reducing Childhood Deaths from Hunger and MalnutritionDeaths from Hunger and Malnutrition

There are several ways to reduce childhood There are several ways to reduce childhood deaths from nutrition-related causes:deaths from nutrition-related causes: ____________ children.____________ children. Encourage __________________.Encourage __________________. Prevent __________________ from diarrhea.Prevent __________________ from diarrhea. Prevent blindness from _______________ Prevent blindness from _______________

deficiency.deficiency. Provide ___________________________.Provide ___________________________. Increase ____________ for women.Increase ____________ for women.

Overnutrition: Eating Too MuchOvernutrition: Eating Too Much

Overnutrition and lack of exercise can lead to Overnutrition and lack of exercise can lead to reduced life quality, poor health, and reduced life quality, poor health, and premature death.premature death.

A 2005 Boston University study found that A 2005 Boston University study found that about 60% of American adults are about 60% of American adults are _________________ and 33% are obese _________________ and 33% are obese Americans spend $42 billion per year trying to Americans spend $42 billion per year trying to

lose weight.lose weight. $24 billion per year is needed to eliminate $24 billion per year is needed to eliminate

__________________.__________________.

FOOD PRODUCTIONFOOD PRODUCTION

Food production from croplands, rangelands, Food production from croplands, rangelands, ocean fisheries, and aquaculture has ocean fisheries, and aquaculture has _____________________._____________________.

______________, ___________, & ______________, ___________, & _______________ provide more than half of _______________ provide more than half of the world’s consumed calories.the world’s consumed calories. Fish and shellfish are an important source of food Fish and shellfish are an important source of food

for about 1 billion people mostly in Asia and in for about 1 billion people mostly in Asia and in coastal areas of developing countries.coastal areas of developing countries.

Industrial Food Production: Industrial Food Production: High Input MonoculturesHigh Input Monocultures

About 80% of the world’s food supply is About 80% of the world’s food supply is produced by _______________________.produced by _______________________. Uses large amounts of __________________ Uses large amounts of __________________

energy, water, commercial fertilizers, and energy, water, commercial fertilizers, and pesticides to produce monocultures.pesticides to produce monocultures.

Greenhouses are increasingly being used.Greenhouses are increasingly being used. Plantations are being used in tropics for cash Plantations are being used in tropics for cash

crops such as _____________, ___________, crops such as _____________, ___________, _________________._________________.

Fig. 13-4, p. 275

Plantation agriculture

Shifting cultivation

Industrialized agriculture

No agriculture

Intensive traditional ag.

Nomadic herding

Industrial Food Production: Industrial Food Production: High Input MonoculturesHigh Input Monocultures

Livestock production in developed countries Livestock production in developed countries is industrialized:is industrialized: Feedlots are used to _________________ Feedlots are used to _________________

before slaughter.before slaughter. Most pigs and chickens live in densely populated Most pigs and chickens live in densely populated

_____________________________._____________________________. Most livestock are fed ___________ grown on Most livestock are fed ___________ grown on

cropland.cropland. Systems use a lot of ____________________ Systems use a lot of ____________________

and produce huge amounts of animal ________.and produce huge amounts of animal ________.

Case Study: Industrialized Food Case Study: Industrialized Food Production in the United StatesProduction in the United States

The U.S. uses industrialized agriculture to The U.S. uses industrialized agriculture to produce about ____% of the world’s grain.produce about ____% of the world’s grain. Relies on cheap energy to run machinery, Relies on cheap energy to run machinery,

process food, produce commercial fertilizer and process food, produce commercial fertilizer and pesticides.pesticides.

About ____ units of nonrenewable fossil fuel About ____ units of nonrenewable fossil fuel energy are needed to put ___ unit of food energy are needed to put ___ unit of food energy on the table.energy on the table.

Case Study: Industrialized Food Case Study: Industrialized Food Production in the United StatesProduction in the United States

Industrialized agriculture uses about 17% of Industrialized agriculture uses about 17% of all commercial energy in the U.S. and food all commercial energy in the U.S. and food travels an average 2,400 kilometers from travels an average 2,400 kilometers from farm to plate.farm to plate.


Traditional Agriculture: Low Input Traditional Agriculture: Low Input PolyculturePolyculture

Many farmers in developing countries use low-Many farmers in developing countries use low-input agriculture to grow a variety of crops on input agriculture to grow a variety of crops on each plot of land (interplanting) through:each plot of land (interplanting) through: Polyvarietal cultivationPolyvarietal cultivation: ___________________ : ___________________

______________________________________________________________________________ IntercroppingIntercropping: ___________________________ : ___________________________

________________________________________________________________________________ AgroforestryAgroforestry: crops and trees _______________.: crops and trees _______________. PolyculturePolyculture: ____________________ are planted : ____________________ are planted

together.together.

EOS Winery in Paso RoblesEOS Winery in Paso Robles

EOS Estate Winery in EOS Estate Winery in Paso Robles is Paso Robles is undertaking a massive undertaking a massive solar project that will solar project that will put it on the map as the put it on the map as the largest winery in the largest winery in the Paso Robles Wine Paso Robles Wine Country to convert Country to convert entirely to solar power.entirely to solar power.

Traditional Agriculture: Low Input Traditional Agriculture: Low Input PolyculturePolyculture

Research has Research has shown that, on shown that, on average, low input average, low input polyculture produces polyculture produces higher yields than higher yields than high-input high-input monoculture.monoculture.


SOIL EROSION AND DEGRADATIONSOIL EROSION AND DEGRADATION

Soil erosion lowers soil fertility and can Soil erosion lowers soil fertility and can overload nearby bodies of water with eroded overload nearby bodies of water with eroded sediment.sediment. Sheet erosionSheet erosion: surface water or wind peel off : surface water or wind peel off

______________________________________________________________________ Rill erosionRill erosion: fast-flowing little rivulets of surface : fast-flowing little rivulets of surface

______________________________________________________________________ Gully erosionGully erosion: fast-flowing water join together to : fast-flowing water join together to

cut ____________________________________cut ____________________________________

SOIL EROSION AND DEGRADATIONSOIL EROSION AND DEGRADATION

Soil erosion is the Soil erosion is the movement of soil movement of soil components, components, especially surface especially surface litter and topsoil, by litter and topsoil, by wind or water.wind or water.

Soil erosion increases through activities Soil erosion increases through activities such as ___________________________ such as ___________________________ ____________________________________________________________________


Global Outlook: Soil ErosionGlobal Outlook: Soil Erosion

Soil is eroding faster than it is forming on more Soil is eroding faster than it is forming on more than one-third of the world’s cropland.than one-third of the world’s cropland.


Case Study: Soil Erosion in the U.S. – Case Study: Soil Erosion in the U.S. – Some Hopeful SignsSome Hopeful Signs

Soil erodes faster than it forms on most U.S. Soil erodes faster than it forms on most U.S. cropland, but since _______, has been cut by cropland, but since _______, has been cut by ______________________________ 1985 Food Security Act (Farm Act): farmers 1985 Food Security Act (Farm Act): farmers

receive a subsidy for taking highly erodible land receive a subsidy for taking highly erodible land out of production and replanting it with soil saving out of production and replanting it with soil saving plants for 10-15 years.plants for 10-15 years.

Desertification: Degrading DrylandsDesertification: Degrading Drylands

About one-third of the world’s land has lost About one-third of the world’s land has lost some of its productivity because of drought some of its productivity because of drought and human activities that reduce or degrade and human activities that reduce or degrade topsoil.topsoil.


Salinization Salinization and and

WaterloggingWaterlogging Repeated Repeated

irrigation can irrigation can reduce crop reduce crop yields by yields by causing salt causing salt buildup in the buildup in the soil and soil and waterlogging of waterlogging of crop plants.crop plants.


Fig. 13-15, p. 281

CleanupPrevention

Soil Salinization

Solutions

Reduce irrigation

Switch to salt-tolerant crops (such as barley, cotton, sugarbeet)

Flush soil (expensive and wastes water)

Stop growing crops for 2–5 years

Install underground drainage systems (expensive)

Salinization and Waterlogging of Salinization and Waterlogging of Soils: A Downside of IrrigationSoils: A Downside of Irrigation

Example of high Example of high evaporation, poor evaporation, poor drainage, and drainage, and severe salinization.severe salinization.

White alkaline salts White alkaline salts have displaced have displaced crops.crops. Example: west side Example: west side

of our Valleyof our Valley


SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE THROUGH SOIL CONSERVATIONTHROUGH SOIL CONSERVATION

Modern farm machinery can plant crops Modern farm machinery can plant crops without disturbing soil (no-till and minimum without disturbing soil (no-till and minimum tillage.tillage. Conservation-tillage farming:Conservation-tillage farming:

• ______________________.______________________.• Raises ____________________ content.Raises ____________________ content.• Lowers ______________________.Lowers ______________________.• Lowers ________________________.Lowers ________________________.• Uses __________________________.Uses __________________________.


Terracing, contour Terracing, contour planting, strip planting, strip cropping, alley cropping, alley cropping, and cropping, and windbreaks can windbreaks can reduce soil reduce soil erosion.erosion.



Fertilizers can help restore soil nutrients, but Fertilizers can help restore soil nutrients, but runoff of inorganic fertilizers can cause water runoff of inorganic fertilizers can cause water pollution.pollution. Organic fertilizersOrganic fertilizers: _______________________ : _______________________

______________________________________________________________________________ Commercial inorganic fertilizersCommercial inorganic fertilizers: Active : Active

ingredients contain _____________________ ingredients contain _____________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ and other trace nutrients.and other trace nutrients.

THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND ITS THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Since 1950, high-input agriculture has Since 1950, high-input agriculture has produced more crops per unit of land.produced more crops per unit of land.

In 1967, fast growing dwarf varieties of rice In 1967, fast growing dwarf varieties of rice and wheat were developed for tropics and and wheat were developed for tropics and subtropics.subtropics.



Lack of _______________, high costs for Lack of _______________, high costs for ______________ farmers, and physical limits ______________ farmers, and physical limits to increasing crop yields hinder expansion of to increasing crop yields hinder expansion of the green revolution.the green revolution.

Since 1978 the amount of irrigated land per Since 1978 the amount of irrigated land per person has declined due to:person has declined due to: Depletion of ___________________________.Depletion of ___________________________. Inefficient _____________________________.Inefficient _____________________________. ______________ build-up.______________ build-up. ____________ of irrigating crops.____________ of irrigating crops.


Modern agriculture has a greater harmful Modern agriculture has a greater harmful __________________________ than any __________________________ than any human activity.human activity.

Loss of a _______________________ crop Loss of a _______________________ crop and livestock strains might limit raw material and livestock strains might limit raw material needed for future green and ____________ needed for future green and ____________ revolutions.revolutions. In the U.S., 97% of the food plant varieties In the U.S., 97% of the food plant varieties

available in the 1940 no longer exist in large available in the 1940 no longer exist in large quantities.quantities.

Fig. 13-18, p. 285

Biodiversity Loss Soil Water Air Pollution Human Health Loss and degradation of grasslands, forests, and wetlands

Erosion Water waste Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use

Nitrates in drinking water

Loss of fertility Aquifer depletion

Pesticide residues in drinking water, food, and air

Salinization Increased runoff and flooding from cleared land

Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use

Fish kills from pesticide runoff

Waterlogging

Sediment pollution from erosion Greenhouse gas

emissions of nitrous oxide from use of inorganic fertilizers

Contamination of drinking and swimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes

Desertification

Killing wild predators to protect livestock

Fish kills from pesticide runoff

Surface and groundwater pollution from pesticides and fertilizers Belching of the

greenhouse gas methane by cattle

Loss of genetic diversity of wild crop strains replaced by monoculture strains

Bacterial contamination of meat

Overfertilization of lakes and rivers from runoff of fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food processing wastes

Pollution from pesticide sprays

THE GENE REVOLUTIONTHE GENE REVOLUTION

To increase crop yields, we can mix the To increase crop yields, we can mix the genes of similar types of organisms and mix genes of similar types of organisms and mix the genes of different organisms.the genes of different organisms. __________________ selection has been used __________________ selection has been used

for centuries to develop genetically improved for centuries to develop genetically improved varieties of crops.varieties of crops.

____________________ develops improved ____________________ develops improved strains at an exponential pace compared to strains at an exponential pace compared to artificial selection.artificial selection.

Controversy has arisen over the use of Controversy has arisen over the use of ____________________________________________________________________

Mixing GenesMixing Genes

Genetic engineering Genetic engineering involves splicing a involves splicing a gene from one gene from one species and species and transplanting the transplanting the DNA into another DNA into another species.species.



The winged bean, a The winged bean, a GMF, could be grown GMF, could be grown to help reduce to help reduce malnutrition and the malnutrition and the use of large amounts use of large amounts of inorganic of inorganic fertilizers.fertilizers.



Controversy has arisen over the use of Controversy has arisen over the use of genetically modified food (GMF).genetically modified food (GMF). Critics fear that we know too little about the long-Critics fear that we know too little about the long-

term __________________ to human and term __________________ to human and ecosystem health.ecosystem health.

There is controversy over _______________ There is controversy over _______________ of genetically modified crop varieties and of genetically modified crop varieties and whether GMFs should be labeled.whether GMFs should be labeled.

PRODUCING MORE MEATPRODUCING MORE MEAT

About half of the world’s meat is produced by About half of the world’s meat is produced by livestock _______________________.livestock _______________________.

The other half is produced under _________ The other half is produced under _________ ______________________________________________________________________ Densely packed livestock are fed grain or fish Densely packed livestock are fed grain or fish

meal.meal. Eating more chicken and farm-raised fish and Eating more chicken and farm-raised fish and

less beef and pork ____________________ less beef and pork ____________________ _____________________of meat _____________________of meat production.production.

Fig. 13-21, p. 289

Trade-Offs

Animal Feedlots

Advantages Disadvantages

Increased meat production

Need large inputs of grain, fish meal, water, and fossil fuelsHigher profits

Concentrate animal wastes that can pollute water

Less land use

Reduced overgrazing

Reduced soil erosion

Antibiotics can increase genetic resistance to microbes in humans

Help protect biodiversity

How Many People can the World How Many People can the World Support? Food Production and Support? Food Production and

PopulationPopulation

The number of people the world can support The number of people the world can support depends __________________________ depends __________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ and how many children couples have.and how many children couples have. Research has shown that those living very low Research has shown that those living very low

on the food chain or very high on the food chain on the food chain or very high on the food chain do not live as long as those that live somewhere do not live as long as those that live somewhere in between.in between.

PRODUCING MORE MEATPRODUCING MORE MEAT

Efficiency of converting grain into animal Efficiency of converting grain into animal protein.protein.


CATCHING AND RAISING MORE CATCHING AND RAISING MORE FISH AND SHELLFISHFISH AND SHELLFISH

After spectacular increases, the world’s total After spectacular increases, the world’s total and per capita marine and freshwater fish and per capita marine and freshwater fish and shellfish catches have leveled off.and shellfish catches have leveled off.


CATCHING AND RAISING MORE CATCHING AND RAISING MORE FISH AND SHELLFISHFISH AND SHELLFISH

Government subsidies given to the fishing Government subsidies given to the fishing industry are a major cause of ___________.industry are a major cause of ___________. Global fishing industry spends about $25 billion Global fishing industry spends about $25 billion

per year more than its catch is worth.per year more than its catch is worth. Without subsidies many fishing fleets would have Without subsidies many fishing fleets would have

to go out of business.to go out of business. Subsidies allow excess fishing with some Subsidies allow excess fishing with some

keeping their jobs longer with making less keeping their jobs longer with making less money.money.

Aquaculture: Aquatic FeedlotsAquaculture: Aquatic Feedlots

Raising large numbers of fish and shellfish Raising large numbers of fish and shellfish ______________________________ is ______________________________ is world’s fastest growing type of food world’s fastest growing type of food production.production.

Fish farming involves cultivating fish in a Fish farming involves cultivating fish in a _________________________ and _________________________ and harvesting them ______________________.harvesting them ______________________.

Fish ranching involves holding ___________ Fish ranching involves holding ___________ species that live part of their lives in species that live part of their lives in freshwater and part in saltwater.freshwater and part in saltwater. Fish are held for the first few years, released, and Fish are held for the first few years, released, and

then harvested when they return to spawn.then harvested when they return to spawn.

Fig. 13-24, p. 292

Trade-Offs

Aquaculture

Advantages Disadvantages

High efficiency Needs large inputs of land, feed, and water

High yield in small volume of water

Large waste output

Destroys mangrove forests and estuaries

Can reduce overharvesting of conventional fisheries Uses grain to feed

some species

Low fuel use Dense populations vulnerable to disease

Tanks too contaminated to use after about 5 years

High profits

Profits not tied to price of oil

Fig. 13-25, p. 293

Solutions

More Sustainable Aquaculture

• Use less fishmeal feed to reduce depletion of other fish

• Improve management of aquaculture wastes

• Reduce escape of aquaculture species into the wild

• Restrict location of fish farms to reduce loss of mangrove forests and estuaries

• Farm some aquaculture species in deeply submerged cages to protect them from wave action and predators and allow dilution of wastes into the ocean

• Certify sustainable forms of aquaculture

SOLUTIONS: MOVING TOWARD SOLUTIONS: MOVING TOWARD GLOBAL FOOD SECURITYGLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

People in urban areas People in urban areas could save money by could save money by growing more of their growing more of their food.food. Urban gardens provide Urban gardens provide

about 15% of the about 15% of the world’s food supply.world’s food supply.

Up to 90% of the Up to 90% of the world’s food is wasted.world’s food is wasted.


Government Policies and Food Government Policies and Food ProductionProduction

Governments use three main approaches to Governments use three main approaches to influence food production:influence food production: Control pricesControl prices to keep prices artificially low. to keep prices artificially low. Provide subsidiesProvide subsidies to keep farmers in business. to keep farmers in business. Let the marketplace decideLet the marketplace decide rather that rather that

implementing price controls.implementing price controls.

Solutions: Steps Toward More Solutions: Steps Toward More Sustainable Food ProductionSustainable Food Production

We can increase food security by slowing We can increase food security by slowing __________________, sharply reducing __________________, sharply reducing _______________, and slowing _______________, and slowing environmental ______________ of the environmental ______________ of the world’s soils and croplands.world’s soils and croplands.

PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PEST MANAGEMENTPEST MANAGEMENT

Organisms found in Organisms found in nature (such as nature (such as spiders) control spiders) control populations of most populations of most pest species as part pest species as part of the earth’s free of the earth’s free ecological services.ecological services.



We use _______________ to repel or kill We use _______________ to repel or kill pest organisms as plants have done for pest organisms as plants have done for millions of years.millions of years.

Chemists have developed hundreds of Chemists have developed hundreds of chemicals (_______________) that can chemicals (_______________) that can ______ or _____________ pests.______ or _____________ pests. Pesticides vary in their persistence.Pesticides vary in their persistence. Each year > 250,000 people in the U.S. become Each year > 250,000 people in the U.S. become

ill from household pesticides.ill from household pesticides.


Advantages and disadvantages of conventional Advantages and disadvantages of conventional chemical pesticides.chemical pesticides.


What is a “Pest”?What is a “Pest”? Something _____________ Something _____________

________ for food or other ________ for food or other resourcesresources Ex: plants, insects, rodents, Ex: plants, insects, rodents,

etc.etc. Most insects are ________!Most insects are ________!

*99% of plants, animals, and *99% of plants, animals, and microbes benefit agriculture microbes benefit agriculture and our economyand our economy

In diverse ecosystems, “pests” In diverse ecosystems, “pests” are kept at low levels by are kept at low levels by ______________ ______________ ________________________________________ Agriculture does not normally Agriculture does not normally

produce a diverse ecosystemproduce a diverse ecosystem

What is a “Pest”?What is a “Pest”?

Pesticides-(Carson Pesticides-(Carson called them biocides) called them biocides) kill undesirable kill undesirable

organismsorganisms• Rodenticides, Fungicides, Rodenticides, Fungicides,

Insecticides, HerbicidesInsecticides, Herbicides

The Ideal Pesticide has these qualities:The Ideal Pesticide has these qualities:

Kills only __________________.Kills only __________________. Does not cause __________________ in the Does not cause __________________ in the

target organism.target organism. Disappears or breaks down into ____________ Disappears or breaks down into ____________

_______________________after doing its job._______________________after doing its job. Be more __________________ than doing Be more __________________ than doing

nothing.nothing.*There is no “ideal” pesticide- few even *There is no “ideal” pesticide- few even come closecome close

First Generation PesticidesFirst Generation Pesticides

Naturally derived chemicals from plants or Naturally derived chemicals from plants or animals or naturally occurring mineralsanimals or naturally occurring minerals Nicotine sulfateNicotine sulfate PyrethrumPyrethrum Red pepper (repels ants)Red pepper (repels ants) GarlicGarlic Lemon oil (repels fleas, mosquitos, flies,etc)Lemon oil (repels fleas, mosquitos, flies,etc) SulfurSulfur ArsenicArsenic LeadLead

Second Generation PesticidesSecond Generation Pesticides

Synthetic or man-made pesticidesSynthetic or man-made pesticides1874- DDT invented1874- DDT invented1939- DDT discovered to be an insecticide1939- DDT discovered to be an insecticide30% of all pesticides used in the US are for houses, gardens, lawns, 30% of all pesticides used in the US are for houses, gardens, lawns,

parcels, swimming, pools, and golf courses.parcels, swimming, pools, and golf courses.

1991- US farmers1991- US farmers84% of all pesticides were herbicides84% of all pesticides were herbicides14% insecticides14% insecticides2% fungicides2% fungicidesCorn, wheat, cotton, and soybeans receive most.Corn, wheat, cotton, and soybeans receive most.

1994- Each US farmer fed and clothed 140 people1994- Each US farmer fed and clothed 140 people(105 at home; 35 abroad)(105 at home; 35 abroad)0.3% of world’s farm labor, produce 25% of world’s food and ½ of world 0.3% of world’s farm labor, produce 25% of world’s food and ½ of world

grain exportsgrain exports

Problems with pesticidesProblems with pesticides __________________- genetic, __________________- genetic,

alters populationalters population

___________________________ ___________________________ ______________________________________________________

Very little of pesticides applied Very little of pesticides applied reach the target pestreach the target pest

• 2% max in aerial spraying2% max in aerial spraying Amplified in the food chain- Amplified in the food chain-

DDTDDT• Page 299- What Goes Page 299- What Goes

Around Can Come AroundAround Can Come Around

______________________________________________ Honey bees- organophosphateHoney bees- organophosphate Fish- herbicidesFish- herbicides

______________________________________________ Worker- Applicators- work with Worker- Applicators- work with

undiluted productundiluted product

SuperpestsSuperpests

Superpests are Superpests are resistant to resistant to pesticides.pesticides.

Superpests like the Superpests like the silver whiteflysilver whitefly (left) (left) challenge farmers challenge farmers as they cause > as they cause > $200 million per $200 million per year in U.S. crop year in U.S. crop losses.losses.


Other Ways to Control PestsOther Ways to Control Pests

There are cultivation, biological, and There are cultivation, biological, and ecological alternatives to conventional ecological alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides.chemical pesticides. ________ the pest through cultivation practices.________ the pest through cultivation practices. Provide homes for the pest _______________.Provide homes for the pest _______________. Implant genetic _______________________.Implant genetic _______________________. Bring in natural _______________________.Bring in natural _______________________. Use _________________ to lure pests into traps.Use _________________ to lure pests into traps. Use hormones to ____________ life cycles.Use hormones to ____________ life cycles.


Biological pest Biological pest controlcontrol: Wasp : Wasp parasitizing a parasitizing a gypsy moth gypsy moth caterpillar.caterpillar.



Genetic Genetic engineering can engineering can be used to be used to develop pest and develop pest and disease resistant disease resistant crop strains.crop strains.

Both tomato plants were exposed to Both tomato plants were exposed to destructive caterpillars. The genetically destructive caterpillars. The genetically altered plant (right) shows little damage.altered plant (right) shows little damage.


Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management

IPM uses a combination of IPM uses a combination of the following along with the following along with chemical to control pests chemical to control pests (keep them below the (keep them below the economic threshold):economic threshold):

Monitoring is essentialMonitoring is essential Cultural controlCultural control Natural enemiesNatural enemies Bio pesticidesBio pesticides Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering Pheromones, sterile males, Pheromones, sterile males,

juvenile hormones, radiationjuvenile hormones, radiation

Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management

_____________________ -_____________________ -The level at which the pest The level at which the pest does more damage than does more damage than the cost of the controlthe cost of the control

University of California University of California researchers have researchers have established economic established economic thresholds for the State’s thresholds for the State’s ____________________________________________

Requires weekly or biweekly Requires weekly or biweekly monitoring so the grower will monitoring so the grower will know when it is time to sprayknow when it is time to spray

Individuals Matter: Rachel CarsonIndividuals Matter: Rachel Carson

Wrote Wrote Silent SpringSilent Spring which introduced the which introduced the U.S. to the dangers U.S. to the dangers of the pesticide DDT of the pesticide DDT and related and related compounds to the compounds to the environment.environment.

Figure 13-AFigure 13-A

Pesticide Protection Laws in the U.S.Pesticide Protection Laws in the U.S.

______________________________ has ______________________________ has banned a number of harmful pesticides but banned a number of harmful pesticides but some scientists call for strengthening some scientists call for strengthening pesticide laws.pesticide laws. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the

Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate the sales and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate the sales of pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, of pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

The EPA has only evaluated the health effects of The EPA has only evaluated the health effects of 10% of the active ingredients of all pesticides.10% of the active ingredients of all pesticides.

Fig. 13-30, p. 299

What Can You Do?

Reducing Exposure to Pesticides

• Grow some of your food using organic methods.

• Buy organic food.

• Wash and scrub all fresh fruits, vegetables, and wild foods you pick.

• Eat less or no meat.

• Trim the fat from meat.

SOLUTIONS: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

Three main ways to reduce hunger and Three main ways to reduce hunger and malnutrition and the harmful effects of malnutrition and the harmful effects of agriculture:agriculture: _____________________._____________________. Sharply reduce ________________.Sharply reduce ________________. Develop and phase in systems of more Develop and phase in systems of more

__________________, low input agriculture over __________________, low input agriculture over the next few decades.the next few decades.

Sustainable Sustainable AgricultureAgriculture


Problems that need to be solved:Problems that need to be solved:

Organic farming requires Organic farming requires natural controls for all pests natural controls for all pests in a cropin a crop

We do not currently have this We do not currently have this for all cropsfor all crops

Organic farming is labor Organic farming is labor _____________, ________ _____________, ________ in developed countriesin developed countries

Some ________ will occurSome ________ will occur In order for natural enemies In order for natural enemies

to exist, some pests must to exist, some pests must existexist

Currently organic farmers Currently organic farmers make a profit because they make a profit because they charge more in specialty charge more in specialty marketsmarkets

Solutions: Making the Transition to Solutions: Making the Transition to More Sustainable AgricultureMore Sustainable Agriculture

More research, More research, demonstration demonstration projects, projects, government government subsidies, and subsidies, and training can training can promote more promote more sustainable sustainable organic organic agriculture.agriculture.


chapter 12 food, soil conservation, and pest management

Documents

industrialized food

process food

nutritious food

food productionfood

unit of food energy

worlds food supply

important source of

case study