chapter 12 dna: the molecule of heredity. objectives analyze the structure of dna determine how the...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 12
DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
Objectives
Analyze the structure of DNA Determine how the structure of
DNA enables it to reproduce itself accurately.
What is DNA?
Genetic materialNecessary for protein
synthesisDetermines an organism’s
traits
Structure of DNA DNA is a polymer made of repeating
subunits called nucleotides. Nucleotides:
Phosphate group Simple sugar A nitrogenous base:
Purines: Pyrimidines:Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Watson and Crick DNA is made of two chains of nucleotides
held together by nitrogenous bases Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds
Complementary base pairs: A bonds with T C bonds with G
The shape of DNA is called a double helix Two strands twisted together
Nucleotide sequences
Nucleotide arrange to form unique genetic sequences
The more similar sequence the closer relation between organisms
Used to determine evolutionary relationships
P
P
C
C
CC
CO
1
2
3
4
5
Nucleotides composed of Pentose sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous base
(A,T,C,G) Phosphates bond to the 3’
and 5’ carbons,… Nitrogenous bases bond to
the 1’ carbon.
Nucleotide Structure Review (Ch. 12)
Nucleotides – a simpler diagram• Nitrogen bases• 5-carbon sugar• Phosphate group(s)
A
Adenine
Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose gives its name to DNA, ribose (shown on right) to RNA
Ribose, C5H10O5 Oxygens and hydrogens
have been omitted... The carbons are numbered
clockwise from the oxygen atom:
Deoxyribose = a Sugar
C
C
CC
CO
1
2
3
4
5
Nitrogenous Bases
Pyrimidines = single-ring structure Thymine (T) & Cytosine (C)
Purines = double-ring structure Adenine (A) & Guanine (G)
What about Uracil
Uracil - Similar in structure to thymine.
Is nitrogenous base for RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nitrogenous Base Pairing Purines are always paired with pyrimidines and
vice versa. Each base has side groups that H bond with
one another: A is complementary to T (2 H bonds) C is complementary to G (3 H bonds)
These findings explain Chargaff’s earlier findings concerning equal amounts of Adenine and Thymine in DNA samples.
TissueADENINE GUANINE CYTOSINETHYMINE
A G CT
THYMUSHUMANSHEEPPIG
30.929.330.9
19.921.419.9
29.428.329.4
19.821.019.8
SPLEENHUMANSHEEPPIG
29.228.029.6
21.022.320.4
29.428.629.2
20.421.120.8
LIVERHUMANSHEEPPIG
30.329.329.4
19.520.720.5
30.329.229.7
19.920.820.5
Chargaff measured the amount of each of the nucleotides in various tissues and organs...
Pairing of Nucleotides: Chargaff’s Data
Note the amount of adenine and thymine in each sample…
Similarly, the amount of guanine and cytosine...
Two nucleotides: adenine and thymine
Two hydrogen bonds between them...
Adenine & Thymine
glycosidiclinkage to
deoxyribose
Adenine
Thymine
glycosidiclinkage to
deoxyribose
Cytosine and guanine are also connected by three hydrogen bonds
Cytosine & Guanine
Guanine
Cytosine
glycosidiclinkage to
deoxyribose
glycosidiclinkage to
deoxyribose
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/BasePairing.gif
DNA Structure
DNA structure similar to that of a ladder:
Sugar phosphate backbone = sides of ladder
Nitrogenous bases = rungs of ladder.
P
C
C
CC
CO
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
P
C
C
CC
CO
P
P
C
C
CC
CO
1
2
3
4
5
Note that the complementary strands are upside with respect to each other (antiparallel).
DNA is a polymer, made of
nucleotide monomers
DNA forms a double helix,
two molecules spiraled
DNA replicates itself with the
help of polymerase enzymes
DNA Replication
Nucleotides
Phosph.Group
NUCLEOTIDES in DNA & RNANitrogen
Base5- C
SugarAdenineGuanineCytosineThymine
Uracil
Phos-phate
Deoxy-ribose
Ribose
DNA Replication
A portion of the double helix is unwound by the enzyme helicase.
DNA polymerase binds to one strand of the DNA and begins moving along 3' to 5' direction forming a new double helixForms the leading strand
DNA Replication DNA synthesis can only occur in the 5'
to 3' direction. A second type of DNA polymerase binds
to the other template strand as the double helix opens Discontinuous segments (Okazaki
fragments) DNA ligase I then stitches these together
new strand Forms the lagging strand
DNA Replication Results:
Chromosomes copied Formation of two DNA molecules New DNA strand is identical to
the original DNA strand DNA replicates in interphase prior
to mitosis and meiosis