chapter 12 aphids (hemiptera: aphidoidea) of the prairies

347

Chapter 12Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada

R.G. Foottit* and E. MawInvertebrate Biodiversity (National Environmental Health Network)

and Canadian National Collection of Insects Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Three hundred fi fty-seven species of aphids are found in the Prairies Ecozone, of which 81 are adventive. The distribution of aphids in the region is determined by the availability of host plants and has been strongly affected by agricultural practices. The faunal elements unique to this ecozone relative to the rest of Canada represent the northern limits of species feeding on dryland shrubs centred in the Great Basin of the United States.

Résumé. On dénombre dans l’écozone des prairies 357espèces de pucerons, dont 81sont adventices. La répartition de ces insectes dans la région dépend de la disponibilité des espèces végétales hôtes, qui est fortement infl uencée par les pratiques agricoles. Les éléments fauniques uniques à cette écozone par rapport au reste du Canada représentent la limite nord des espèces qui se nourrissent d’arbustes dans les zones arides du Grand Bassin des États-Unis.

Introduction

In general, a particular aphid species feeds on a restricted range of hosts, usually constituting a single genus or tribe, but sometimes a single species of plant (Dixon 2005). Furthermore, a number of species alternate between plant species; a perennial (tree or shrub) serves as the overwintering primary host on which sexual reproduction occurs, and a secondary host (frequently an herbaceous plant) is used in summer. Therefore, these aphid species require both hosts to be available in the same area (although some species can persist without a sexual phase on the secondary host in the absence of their normal primary host). Aphid distributions are thus limited by the host distributions. On the other hand, if local conditions are appropriate for the persistence of the host plant, the aphids will usually fi nd and use them. Differences in life history strategies among host plants are refl ected in differences in strategies among aphids. Two groups of aphids may be distinguished: those that are associated with reliable perennial hosts, and those that depend on environmental disturbances that encourage the propagation of weedy host plants and that are usually more adept at long-distance dispersal. The major disruption of the Prairies Ecozone by agriculture has favoured the latter so that the most commonly encountered aphids in the region today belong to widespread species associated with crop plants and their weeds.

The scope of the current work includes all aphids found within the Prairies Ecozone as outlined in Shorthouse (2010), including the contained highlands and the Parkland

Foottit, R. G. and E. Maw. 2014. Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 3): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 1. Edited by H. A. Cárcamo and D. J. Giberson. Biological Survey of Canada. pp. 347-369. © 2014 Biological Survey of Canada. ISBN 978-0-9689321-6-2 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3752/9780968932162.ch12

348 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw

Ecoregion. Harper and Bradley (1987) provided a list of 147 aphid species with their host associations for Alberta, and Robinson and Lamb (1991) listed 324 species found in Manitoba. The only treatment of aphids for Saskatchewan is included in Maw et al. (2000). A signifi cant number of the species in the Alberta list are from montane habitats. For example, 22% of the species listed are in the conifer-feeding genus Cinara. About 15% of the species from Manitoba were collected only in the far southeastern part of the province (Boreal Plains and Boreal Shield, especially Sandilands Provincial Forest and Whiteshell Provincial Park), or from the Hudson Bay Lowlands (Churchill), and thus are outside the region being considered here. Material in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes was examined and previously undetermined material identifi ed. This material includes the collection of the late A.M. Harper and representative slides of almost all specimen series from the collection of the late A.G. Robinson.

Aphid classifi cation (Table 1) follows Remaudière and Remaudière (1997) as updated by Nieto Nafría et al. (1998). Angiosperm family names follow APG III (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009). Among the plant genera included in Table 2, this classifi cation differs from the familiar available fl oral references mainly in the transfer of some Scrophulariaceae to Orobanchaceae and of Sambucus and Viburnum from Caprifoliaceae to Adoxaceae; the placement of Aceraceae within Sapindaceae, Ascelpiadaceae within Apocynaceae, and Chenopodiaceae within Amaranthaceae; and the arrangement of the lily-like monocots.

Because of the strong association between aphids and their host plants, the list of aphid species in the ecozone (Table 2) is organized by host taxa. A summary of number of species associated with various host groups, habitat types, and life cycle characteristics is given in Table 3. The following discussion highlights or expands on information presented within Table 2.

Grasslands

The most characteristic aphids of North American grasslands are those associated with dryland shrubs. Several genera of aphids are restricted to Artemisia hosts or contain a preponderance of species on Artemisia. Epameibaphis, Pseudoepameibaphis, Artemisaphis, Flabellomicrosiphum, and Microsiphoniella (all restricted to Artemisia) are endemic to the dry basins of western North America. Two species of Pseudoepameibaphis are found in the southern parts of all three Prairie Provinces; two species of Epameibaphis and one each of Artemisaphis, Flabellomicrosiphum, and Microsiphum are known to occur in southern Alberta (the latter also in Manitoba). Species of Obtusicauda (fi ve in western North America, with one of these known to occur in the Canadian prairies, and several species in Asia) are also restricted to Artemisia. The Aphis subgenus Zxyaphis is endemic to western North America on plants of the genera Artemisia, Chrysothamnus, and Ericameria. At least one species of Zyxaphis (A. canae) has been collected in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The genus Pleotrichophorus has radiated extensively on shrubs of the family Asteraceae in the Great Basin. Of the approximately 60 species worldwide, most are found in the Great Basin and other dry basins of western North America, with 16 species occurring on shrubby Astereae (Chrysothamnus, Ericameria, Gutierrezia, and Haplopappus), 18 species on Artemisia, and four on Achillea. In the Canadian Prairie Provinces, seven species of Pleotrichophorus have been collected on Artemisia and two on Achillea. In addition, P. villosae, found on Heterotheca villosa (= Chrysopsis villosa), is known only from southern Manitoba, and an unidentifi ed species has been collected on Iva axillaris at Regina, Saskatchewan.

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 349

Table 1. Classifi cation of aphid genera found in the Prairies Ecozone, according to the scheme of Remaudière and Remaudière (1997) with updated nomenclature by Nieto Nafría et al. (1998).

Higher Taxon Genera

Adelgidae Adelges, Pineus

Phylloxeridae Phylloxerina

Aphididae1

Anoeciinae Anoecia

Aphidinae

Aphidini Aphis, Asiphonaphis, Brachyunquis, Hyalopterus, Hysteroneura, Misturaphis, Rhopalosiphum, Schizaphis

Macrosiphini Abstrusomyzus, Acyrthosiphon, Amphorophora, Aphthargelia, Artemisiaphis, Aspidaphis, Atarsos, Brachycaudus, Brachycorynella, Brevicoryne, Cachryphora, Capitophorus2, Carolinaia, Catamergus, Cavariella2, Ceruraphis, Chaetosiphon, Coloradoa, Cryptaphis, Cryptomyzus, Diuraphis, Epameibaphis, Ericaphis, Hayhurstia, Hyadaphis, Hyalomyzus, Hyperomyzus, Illinoia, Liosomaphis2, Lipaphis, Macrosiphoniella, Macrosiphum, Metopolophium, Microlophium, Microsiphoniella, Muscaphis, Myzaphis, Myzodium, Myzus, Nasonovia, Nearctaphis, Obtusicauda, Ovatus, Pleotrichophorus, Pseudacaudella, Pseudocercidis, Pseudoepameibaphis, Pseudacaudella, Rhopalomzyus, Sitobion, Uroleucon, Utamphorophora

Calaphidinae

Calaphidini Betulaphis, Boernerina, Calaphis, Euceraphis, Oestlundiella, Symydobius

Panaphidini Myzocallis, Hoplochaitophorus, Neosymydobius, Therioaphis, Tinocalli

Chaitophorinae

Siphini Sipha

Chaitophorini Chaitophorus, Periphyllus, Pseudopterocomma

Drepanosiphinae Drepanaphis

Eriosomatinae

Eriosomatini Colopha, Eriosoma, Tetraneura

Pemphigini Clydesmithia, Mordwilkoja, Neoprociphilus, Pachypappa, Pemphigus, Prociphilus, Thecabius

Fordini Forda, Geoica, Smynthurodes

Hormaphidinae Hamamelistes

Lachninae

Eulachnini Cinara, Essigella, Eulachnus

Lachnini Lachnus, Longistigma, Maculolachnus

Tramini Trama

Mindarinae Mindarus

Phyllaphidinae Stegophylla

Pterocommatinae2 Fullawaya, Pterocomma

Saltusaphidinae Izyphia, Subizyphia, Subsaltusaphis, Thripsaphis

Tamaliinae Tamalia

1 Other schemes divide Aphididae into several families, with family Aphididae composed of Aphidinae and Pterocommatinae only. However, there is a dispute about the relationships among some of the subfamilies and their assignment to the more narrowly defi ned families. Thus, we choose here to follow the current aphid catalogue (Remaudière and Remaudière 1997).

2 Recent molecular evidence (von Dohlen et al. 2006) suggests that Pterocommatinae are most closely related to certain genera within Macrosiphini (Cavariella in particular, likely also Capitophorus and Liosomaphis), but a revised classifi cation has not been formally proposed.


Tab

le 2

. Aph

ids

on h

ost p

lant

s w

ith a

sum

mar

y of

eco

regi

on a

ssoc

iatio

ns. A

phid

s w

ith h

ost a

ltern

atio

n be

twee

n ov

erw

inte

ring

(pri

mar

y) h

osts

on

whi

ch s

exua

l rep

rodu

ctio

n oc

curs

an

d su

mm

er (

seco

ndar

y) h

osts

are

lis

ted

unde

r bo

th h

ost

taxa

. Hos

t fa

mily

-lev

el c

lass

ifi ca

tion

follo

ws

APG

III

(A

ngio

sper

m P

hylo

geny

Gro

up 2

009)

. Abb

revi

atio

ns:

Cyc

= l

ife

cycl

e re

latio

nshi

p of

aph

id to

hos

t: 0

= ca

n co

mpl

ete

all p

hase

s of

life

cyc

le o

n si

ngle

hos

t; 1

= pl

ant i

s a

prim

ary

(win

ter)

hos

t; 2

= pl

ant i

s a

seco

ndar

y (s

umm

er)

host

; 2*

= pl

ant

is s

ole

host

in P

rair

ies

Eco

zone

(lif

e cy

cle

is in

com

plet

e (l

acks

sex

ual g

ener

atio

ns)

in a

bsen

ce o

f pr

imar

y ho

st).

Dis

trib

utio

n: G

= g

rass

land

; (G

) =

in d

epre

ssio

ns a

nd o

ther

shr

ubby

pr

otec

ted

area

s in

gra

ssla

nd; P

= p

arkl

and;

V =

rive

r val

ley

fore

st; E

= e

aste

rn p

arkl

and:

long

-gra

ss p

rair

ie a

nd e

aste

rn fo

rest

ele

men

ts (s

outh

ern

Man

itoba

and

eas

tern

Sas

katc

hew

an

(Ass

inib

oine

dra

inag

e));

U =

eas

tern

upl

ands

(sou

ther

n M

anito

ba u

plan

ds a

nd M

oose

Mou

ntai

n, S

aska

tche

wan

); C

= C

ypre

ss H

ills;

W =

per

sist

ent w

etla

nds

with

in g

rass

land

zon

es;

A =

agr

icul

tura

l sy

stem

s (o

n bo

th c

rops

and

wee

ds);

H =

hor

ticul

tura

l co

ntex

ts, i

nclu

ding

she

lterb

elts

, aba

ndon

ed h

omes

tead

s, a

nd u

rban

for

ests

; a

= ad

vent

ive

spec

ies.

Squ

are

brac

kets

indi

cate

spe

cies

or

ecor

egio

n as

soci

atio

ns e

xpec

ted,

but

not

yet

rec

orde

d.

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tC

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ibut

ion

Com

men

t

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ophy

taM

usca

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heri

chi B

örne

r 19

392

[P]E

Mus

caph

is u

tahe

nsis

C.F

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ith &

Kno

wlto

n 19

650

PM

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estu

m (

Hot

tes

1926

)0

[P]

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udac

aude

lla r

ubid

a (B

örne

r 19

39)

0[P

]P

teri

doph

yta

Ono

clea

sen

sibi

lis L

., M

atte

ucci

a st

ruth

iopt

eris

(L

.) T

odar

oA

mph

orop

hora

am

pulla

ta la

ingi

Mas

on 1

925

0PE

Pte

ridi

um a

quili

num

(L

.) K

uhn

Mac

rosi

phum

pte

rico

lens

Pat

ch 1

919

0PE

Pin

ophy

taC

upre

ssac

eae

Juni

peru

s co

mm

unis

L.

Cin

ara

juni

peri

(D

eGee

r 17

73)

0P

Cin

ara

pete

rson

i Bra

dley

196

30

EJu

nipe

rus

hori

zont

alis

Moe

nch

Cin

ara

man

itobe

nsis

Bra

dley

196

30

E

Thuj

a, J

unip

erus

spp

.C

inar

a cu

pres

si (

Buc

kton

188

1)0

H, a

Pina

ceae

Abi

es s

pp.

Cin

ara

confi

nis

(K

och

1856

)0

HC

inar

a cu

rvip

es (

Patc

h 19

12)

0H

Abi

es b

alsa

mea

(L

.) M

ill.

Min

daru

s pi

nico

la (

Tho

mas

187

9)0

Hpa

st r

ecor

ds a

s M

. abi

etin

usLa

rix

lari

cina

(D

u R

oi)

K. K

och

Ade

lges

lari

ciat

us (

Patc

h 19

09)

2PH

Cin

ara

lari

cife

x (F

itch

1858

)0

HP

icea

spp

.P

roci

philu

s xy

lost

ei (

DeG

eer

1773

)2

H, a

root

sP

icea

abi

es (

L.)

Kar

st.

Cin

ara

pilic

orni

s H

artig

184

10

HP

icea

gla

uca

(Moe

nch)

Vos

sA

delg

es la

rici

atus

(Pa

tch

1909

)1

PHA

delg

es c

oole

yi (

Gill

ette

190

7)1

HC

inar

a co

lora

dens

is (

Gill

ette

191

7)0

C


Cin

ara

forn

acul

a H

otte

s 19

300

CPU

EH

Cin

ara

hotte

si (

Gill

ette

& P

alm

er 1

924)

0U

EH

Cin

ara

obsc

ura

Bra

dley

195

30

CPU

EH

Min

daru

s ob

liquu

s (C

holo

dkov

sky

1896

)0

CPH

Pin

eus

sim

ilis

(Gill

ette

190

7)1

HP

ineu

s sp

. 1

CH

Pin

us b

anks

iana

Lam

b.,

Pin

us c

onto

rta

Dou

glas

ex

Lou

don

Cin

ara

nigr

a (W

ilson

191

9)0

CP

Cin

ara

perg

ande

i (W

ilson

191

9)0

EP

inus

con

tort

a E

ssig

ella

kno

wlto

ni H

otte

s 19

570

CP

inus

nig

ra A

rnol

dE

ulac

hnus

rile

yi (

Will

iam

s 19

11)

0H

Pin

us s

ylve

stri

s L

.C

inar

a pi

nea

(Mor

dvilk

o 18

95)

0H

, a

Eul

achn

us a

gilis

(K

alte

nbac

h 18

43)

0H

, aP

seud

otsu

ga m

enzi

esii

(Mir

b.)

Fran

coA

delg

es c

oole

yi (

Gill

ette

190

7)2

HM

agno

lioph

yta

poly

phag

ous

on v

ario

us m

onoc

ots

and

dico

tsA

phis

mid

dlet

onii

Tho

mas

187

90

GPV

EA

Hro

ots

For

da fo

rmic

aria

von

Hey

den

1837

2*G

PVE

AH

, aro

ots

For

da m

argi

nata

Koc

h 18

572*

GPV

EA

H, a

root

sG

eoic

a ut

ricu

lari

a (P

asse

rini

185

6)2*

GPV

EA

H, a

root

sD

icot

s v

ario

us d

icot

sA

phis

faba

e Sc

opol

i 176

3 (s

ensu

lato

)2

PVE

AH

, ase

vera

l sub

spec

ies

Aph

is g

ossy

pii G

love

r 18

770

AH

, aA

phis

nas

turt

ii K

alte

nbac

h 18

432

PVE

AH

, aA

phis

spi

raec

ola

Patc

h 19

142

PVE

AH

, aP

roci

philu

s er

iger

onen

sis

(Tho

mas

187

9)2

PEro

ots

Smyn

thur

odes

bet

ae W

estw

ood

1849

2*G

P, a

root

sLo

ngis

tigm

a ca

ryae

(T.

W. H

arri

s 18

41)

0E

Hon

bar

k of

larg

e tr

ees

Mac

rosi

phum

eup

horb

iae

(Tho

mas

187

8)2

GPV

EA

Myz

us p

ersi

cae

(Sul

zer

1776

)2

AH

, air

rupt

ive

emer

gent

aqu

atic

dic

ots

Aph

is m

imul

i Oes

tlund

188

72

EW

Rho

palo

siph

um n

ymph

aeae

(L

inna

eus

1761

)2

W, a

Ado

xace

aeSa

mbu

cus

race

mos

a L

.A

phis

sam

buci

Lin

naeu

s 17

580

H, a


Hos

tC

ycD

istr

ibut

ion

Com

men

t

Vibu

rnum

spp

.A

phis

vib

urni

phila

Pat

ch 1

917

0E

Cer

urap

his

vibu

rnic

ola

(Gill

ette

190

9)1

PVA

mar

anth

acea

e (i

ncl.

Che

nopo

diac

eae)

Atr

iple

x, C

heno

podi

um s

pp.

Hay

hurs

tia a

trip

licis

(L

inna

eus

1761

)0

GPV

E, a

Che

nopo

dium

spp

., B

eta

vulg

aris

L.

Pem

phig

us b

etae

Doa

ne 1

900

2PV

EA

root

sP

emph

igus

pop

uliv

enae

Fitc

h 18

592

PVE

Aro

ots

Sarc

obat

us v

erm

icul

atus

(H

ook.

) To

rr.

[Bra

chyu

ngui

s bo

nnev

illen

sis

Kno

wlto

n 19

28]

0[G

]A

piac

eae

vari

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gene

raA

phis

dec

epta

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tes

& F

riso

n 19

310

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san

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ae W

illia

ms

1911

0E

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aspi

i Oes

tlund

188

70

EC

avar

iella

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copo

li 17

63)

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bers

196

92

PEC

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akah

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193

92

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iella

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tinac

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naeu

s 17

58)

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, aC

avar

iella

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tula

Ess

ig 1

937

2P

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arie

lla s

alic

is (

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ell i

n R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)2

EV

WC

avar

iella

theo

bald

i (G

illet

te &

Bra

gg 1

918)

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Hya

daph

is fo

enic

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Pass

erin

i 186

0)2

E, a

Apo

cyna

ceae

[in

cl. A

scle

piad

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e]A

scle

pias

syr

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is a

scle

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nsco

lom

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841

0E

, air

rupt

ive

Myz

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lis a

scle

piad

is (

Mon

ell i

n R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)0

EA

ster

acea

eva

riou

s ge

nera

Bra

chyc

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s he

lichr

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tenb

ach

1843

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onov

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ibis

nigr

i (M

osle

y 18

41)

2PE

, aU

role

ucon

pse

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bros

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(Oliv

e 19

63)

0E

Ast

erea

e (A

ster

s.la

to, C

onyz

a, E

rige

ron,

E

rica

mer

ia, S

olid

ago)

Uro

leuc

on g

ravi

corn

e (P

atch

191

9)0

EIl

linoi

a go

ldam

arya

e (K

now

lton

1938

)0

EU

role

ucon

eri

gero

nens

e (T

hom

as 1

878)

0G

PVE

incl

udes

U. e

scal

anti

Uro

leuc

on m

acgi

llivr

ayae

(O

live

1967

)0

PA

chill

ea m

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oliu

m L

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leot

rich

opho

rus

hotte

si H

ille

Ris

Lam

bers

196

90

GP

leot

rich

opho

rus

pseu

dopa

tonk

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orpu

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aros

& C

ook

1974

0PE

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bros

ia a

rtem

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olia

L.

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leuc

on a

mbr

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e (T

hom

as 1

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0E


Ana

phal

is m

arga

rita

cea

(L.)

Ben

th.

[Illi

noia

ric

hard

si (

Mac

Gill

ivra

y 19

58)]

0[E

]U

role

ucon

rus

sella

e (H

ille

Ris

Lam

bers

196

0)0

EA

rtem

isia

spp

.M

acro

siph

onie

lla lu

dovi

cian

ae (

Oes

tlund

188

6)0

GPV

Mic

rosi

phon

iella

art

emis

iae

(Gill

ette

191

1)0

GO

btus

icau

da fr

igid

ae (

Oes

tlund

188

6)0

GP

seud

oepa

mei

baph

is g

lauc

a G

illet

te &

Pal

mer

193

20

GA

rtem

isia

[su

ffru

ticos

e sp

ecie

s]M

acro

siph

onie

lla p

auci

seto

sa R

obin

son

1987

0E

Ple

otri

chop

horu

s gn

apha

lode

s (P

alm

er 1

938)

0G

PVE

Ple

otri

chop

horu

s ps

eudo

glan

dulo

sus

(Pal

mer

195

2)0

GE

Art

emis

ia a

bsin

thiu

m L

.C

olor

adoa

ang

elic

ae (

Del

Gue

rcio

191

1)0

EH

, aC

olor

adoa

abs

inth

ii (L

icht

enst

ein

1885

)0

GH

, aC

olor

adoa

art

emis

iae

(Del

Gue

rcio

191

3)0

GH

, aM

acro

siph

onie

lla a

bsin

thii

(Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

0E

H, a

Art

emis

ia c

ampe

stri

s L

.M

istu

raph

is s

hilo

ensi

s R

obin

son

1967

0E

Art

emis

ia c

ana

Purs

hA

phis

can

ae W

illia

ms

1911

0G

Art

emis

aphi

s ar

tem

isic

ola

(Will

iam

s 19

11)

0G

Epa

mei

baph

is a

tric

orni

s G

illet

te &

Pal

mer

193

30

GP

leot

rich

opho

rus

long

inec

tari

us (

Gill

ette

& P

alm

er 1

933)

0G

Ple

otri

chop

horu

s pu

llus

(Gill

ette

& P

alm

er 1

933)

0G

Ple

otri

chop

horu

s qu

adri

tric

hus

(Kno

wlto

n &

Sm

ith 1

936)

0G

Ple

otri

chop

horu

s ru

stic

atus

(K

now

lton

& S

mith

193

7)0

GP

seud

oepa

mei

baph

is tr

iden

tata

e (W

ilson

191

5)0

GA

rtem

isia

frig

ida

Will

d.E

pam

eiba

phis

frig

idae

(O

estlu

nd 1

886)

0G

PVM

acro

siph

onie

lla fr

igid

icol

a G

illet

te &

Pal

mer

192

80

GP

leot

rich

opho

rus

brev

inec

tari

us (

Gill

ette

& P

alm

er 1

933)

0G

Ple

otri

chop

horu

s nr

fi lif

olia

e (P

alm

er 1

938)

0G

Ast

er [

sens

u la

to; i

ncl.

Eur

ybia

, Sy

mph

yotr

ichu

m, e

tc.]

Uro

leuc

on m

anito

bens

e (R

obin

son

1986

)0

EU

role

ucon

oliv

ei M

oran

198

40

EU

role

ucon

pau

cose

nsor

iatu

m (

Hill

e R

is L

ambe

rs 1

960)

0E

Uro

leuc

on te

nuita

rsum

(G

illet

te &

Pal

mer

193

3)0

EE

uryb

ia m

acro

phyl

la (

Nut

t.) G

.L. N

esom

Uro

leuc

on a

stro

nom

us (

Hill

e R

is L

ambe

rs 1

962)

0E

Bid

ens

spp.

Uro

leuc

on c

hrys

anth

emi (

Oes

tlund

188

6)0

EC

irsi

um s

pp.

Bip

erso

na to

rtic

auda

(G

illet

te 1

907)

0G

Cap

itoph

orus

ela

eagn

i (D

el G

uerc

io 1

894)

2PE

H, a

Uro

leuc

on c

irsi

i (L

inna

eus

1758

)0

EA

H, a


Hos

tC

ycD

istr

ibut

ion

Com

men

t

Uro

leuc

on p

eppe

ri (

Oliv

e 19

65)

0E

Cir

sium

, Car

duus

spp

.B

rach

ycau

dus

card

ui (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

2PA

H, a

Cre

pis

tect

orum

L.

Hyp

erom

yzus

san

dila

ndic

us (

Rob

inso

n 19

74)

2E

Eut

roch

ium

mac

ulat

um (

L.)

E.E

. Lam

ont

Uro

leuc

on e

upat

oric

olen

s (P

atch

191

9)0

EG

rind

elia

squ

arro

sa (

Purs

h) D

unal

Ata

rsos

gri

ndel

iae

Gill

ette

191

10

E[G

]Il

linoi

a gr

inde

liae

palm

erae

(M

acG

illiv

ray

1958

)0

F[G

]U

role

ucon

ric

hard

si (

Rob

inso

n 19

64)

0E

[G]

Hel

iant

hus

spp.

Uro

leuc

on h

elia

nthi

cola

(O

live

1963

)0

EH

elia

nthu

s m

axim

ilian

i Sch

rad.

Uro

leuc

on m

axim

ilian

icol

a (R

obin

son

1985

)0

EH

elio

psis

, Hel

iant

hus

spp.

Uro

leuc

on o

bscu

rica

udat

um (

Oliv

e 19

65)

0E

Het

erot

heca

vill

osa

(Pur

sh)

Shin

ners

Ple

otri

chop

horu

s vi

llosa

e R

obin

son

1974

0E

[G]

Uro

leuc

on c

arbe

rrie

nse

Rob

inso

n 19

860

PEH

iera

cium

can

aden

se M

ichx

.U

role

ucon

hie

raci

cola

(H

ille

Ris

Lam

bers

196

2)0

EIv

a ax

illar

is P

ursh

Ple

otri

chop

horu

s sp

. 0

GU

role

ucon

ivae

(R

obin

son

1985

)0

GE

Lact

uca

sativ

a L

.P

emph

igus

bur

sari

us (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

2H

, aLa

ctuc

a se

rrio

la L

.A

cyrt

hosi

phon

lact

ucae

(Pa

sser

ini 1

860)

0(G

)PA

H, a

Lact

uca

tata

rica

(L

.) C

.A. M

ey.

Uro

leuc

on d

elte

nse

Rob

inso

n 19

850

EP

rena

nthe

s sp

p.H

yper

omyz

us n

abal

i (O

estlu

nd 1

886)

2E

Rud

beck

ia la

cini

ata

L.

Uro

leuc

on r

udbe

ckia

e (F

itch

1851

)0

PESe

neci

o sp

p.A

phis

duc

kmou

ntai

nens

is R

ojan

avon

gse

& R

obin

son

1977

0E

Aph

is lu

gent

is W

illia

ms

1911

0P

Solid

ago

spp.

Cac

hryp

hora

ser

otin

ae (

Oes

tlund

188

7)0

EU

role

ucon

arn

esen

se R

obin

son

1985

0E

Uro

leuc

on b

revi

tars

us (

Rob

inso

n 19

74)

0E

Uro

leuc

on c

alig

atum

(R

icha

rds

1966

)0

EU

role

ucon

gig

antip

hagu

m M

oran

198

40

PVE

Uro

leuc

on n

igro

tibiu

m (

Oliv

e 19

63)

0E

[G]

Uro

leuc

on n

igro

tube

rcul

atum

(O

live

1963

)0

PVE

Uro

leuc

on p

ielo

ui (

Ric

hard

s 19

72)

0E

Sonc

hus

spp.

Hyp

erom

yzus

lact

ucae

(L

inna

eus

1758

)2

AH

, aH

yper

omyz

us p

allid

us H

ille

Ris

Lam

bers

193

52

AH

, aTa

nace

tum

vul

gare

L.

Mac

rosi

phon

iella

tana

ceta

ria

(Kal

tenb

ach

1843

)0

H, a

Tara

xacu

m o

ffi c

inal

e F.

H. W

igg.

Aph

is k

now

ltoni

Hot

tes

& F

riso

n 19

310

GE

root

s


Tram

a ra

ra M

ordv

ilko

1908

0G

E[P

], a

root

s; n

o se

xual

for

ms

know

nU

role

ucon

tara

xaci

(K

alte

nbac

h 18

43)

0G

PE, a

Xan

thiu

m s

trum

ariu

m L

.C

apito

phor

us x

anth

ii (O

estlu

nd 1

886)

2G

PVB

erbe

rida

ceae

Ber

beri

s sp

p.Li

osom

aphi

s be

rber

idis

(K

alte

nbac

h 18

43)

0H

, aB

etul

acea

eA

lnus

spp

.[B

oern

erin

a va

riab

ilis

Ric

hard

s 19

61]

0[P

U]

Euc

erap

his

gille

ttei D

avid

son

1915

0PE

Illin

oia

alni

(M

ason

192

5)0

PEO

estlu

ndie

lla fl

ava

(Dav

idso

n 19

12)

0PE

Pro

ciph

ilus

tess

ella

tus

(Fitc

h 18

51)

0E

Pte

roca

llis

alni

folia

e (F

itch

1851

)0

EB

etul

a sp

p.[B

etul

aphi

s qu

adri

tube

rcul

ata

(Kal

tenb

ach

1843

)]0

[UH

], a

[Cal

aphi

s be

tula

ecol

ens

(Fitc

h 18

51)]

0[U

H]

Cal

aphi

s fl a

va M

ordv

ilko

1928

0H

E, a

Cal

aphi

s m

anito

bens

is R

icha

rds

1968

0U

Euc

erap

his

betu

lae

(Koc

h 18

55)

0H

, aE

ucer

aphi

s pa

pyri

feri

cola

Bla

ckm

an in

Bla

ckm

an &

de

Boi

se 2

002

0PE

[UH

]in

pas

t mis

iden

tifi e

d as

E. b

etul

aeSy

myd

obiu

s am

eric

anus

A.C

. Bak

er 1

918

0PE

[UH

][H

amam

elis

tes

spin

osus

Shi

mer

186

7]2*

[PU

]pr

esen

t on

adja

cent

bor

eal p

lain

Bra

ssic

acea

eva

riou

s ge

nera

Bre

vico

ryne

bra

ssic

ae (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

0A

, aLi

paph

is p

seud

obra

ssic

ae (

Dav

is 1

914)

0A

, aP

emph

igus

pop

ulitr

ansv

ersu

s R

iley

1879

2G

PVE

[A]

Cap

rifo

liace

aeLo

nice

ra s

pp.

Hya

daph

is fo

enic

uli (

Pass

erin

i 186

0)1

AH

, aP

roci

philu

s xy

lost

ei (

DeG

eer

1773

)1

H, a

Rho

palo

myz

us lo

nice

rae

(Sie

bold

183

9)1

HP,

aR

hopa

lom

yzus

poa

e (G

illet

te 1

908)

1PE

, aLo

nice

ra d

ioic

a L

.G

ypso

aphi

s oe

stlu

ndi H

otte

s 19

300

PELo

nice

ra in

volu

crat

a (R

icha

rdso

n) B

anks

ex

Spr

eng.

Rho

palo

myz

us g

rabh

ami (

Coc

kere

ll 19

03)

1P

Loni

cera

tata

rica

L.

Hya

daph

is ta

tari

cae

(Ajz

enbe

rg 1

935)

1H

, aSy

mph

oric

arpo

s oc

cide

ntal

is H

ook.

Am

phic

erci

dus

pulv

erul

ens

(Gill

ette

191

1)0

PEA

phth

arge

lia s

ymph

oric

arpi

(T

hom

as 1

878)

0(G

)PV

E


Hos

tC

ycD

istr

ibut

ion

Com

men

t

Cor

nace

aeC

ornu

s se

rice

a L

.A

noec

ia c

orni

(Fa

bric

ius

1775

)1

PE, a

Ano

ecia

cor

nico

la (

Wal

sh 1

863)

1E

Aph

is c

orni

folia

e Fi

tch

1851

0PE

Aph

is h

elia

nthi

Mon

ell i

n R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

91

PEA

phis

neo

gille

ttei P

alm

er 1

938

0PE

Aph

is m

acul

atae

Oes

tlund

188

71

PM

acro

siph

um h

amilt

oni R

obin

son

1968

0PE

Mac

rosi

phum

man

itobe

nse

Rob

inso

n 19

650

PEC

rass

ulac

eae

Hyl

otel

ephi

um te

leph

ium

(L

.) H

. Ohb

aA

phis

sed

i Kal

tenb

ach

1843

0H

, aD

ipsa

cace

aeD

ipsa

cus

fullo

num

L.

Mac

rosi

phum

ros

ae (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

2H

, aE

laea

gnac

eae

Ela

eagn

us, H

ippo

phae

spp

.C

apito

phor

us h

ippo

phae

s (W

alke

r 18

52)

1H

, aE

laea

gnus

ang

ustif

olia

L.

Cap

itoph

orus

ela

eagn

i (D

el G

uerc

io 1

894)

1H

, aSh

ephe

rdia

spp

.C

apito

phor

us h

udso

nicu

s R

obin

son

1979

1P

Cap

itoph

orus

she

pher

diae

Gill

ette

& B

ragg

191

61

GPV

EC

apito

phor

us x

anth

ii (O

estlu

nd 1

886)

1G

PVE

Eri

cace

aeA

rcto

stap

hylo

s uv

a-ur

si (

L.)

Spr

eng.

Tam

alia

cow

eni (

Coc

kere

ll 19

05)

0C

Faba

ceae

vari

ous

gene

raA

cyrt

hosi

phon

pis

um (

Har

ris

1776

)0

AH

PE, a

Nea

rcta

phis

cra

taeg

ifolia

e (F

itch

1851

)2

PVE

Ast

raga

lus

spp.

Aph

is g

allo

way

i Rob

inso

n 19

910

PA

stra

galu

s, H

edys

arum

, Oxy

trop

isA

phis

ast

raga

lina

Hill

e R

is L

ambe

rs 1

974

0P

Car

agan

a ar

bore

scen

s L

am.

Acy

rtho

siph

on c

arag

anae

(C

holo

dkov

sky

1908

)0

H, a

Ther

ioap

his

tene

ra (

Ajz

enbe

rg 1

956)

0H

, aG

lyci

ne m

ax (

L.)

Mer

r.A

phis

gly

cine

s M

atsu

mur

a 19

172

A, a

irru

ptiv

eLu

pinu

s sp

p.A

phis

lupi

ni G

illet

te &

Pal

mer

192

90

CM

acro

siph

um a

lbifr

ons

Ess

ig 1

911

0H

nativ

e in

wes

tern

mou

ntai

nsM

edic

ago,

Tri

foliu

m s

pp.

Ther

ioap

his

trifo

lii (

Mon

ell 1

882)

0A

, aM

elilo

tus

spp.

Ther

ioap

his

rieh

mi (

Bör

ner

1949

)0

A, a


Trifo

lium

spp

.N

earc

taph

is b

aker

i (C

owen

189

5)2

PAVi

cia

crac

ca L

.A

phis

cra

ccae

Lin

naeu

s 17

580

E, a

Faga

ceae

Que

rcus

mac

roca

rpa

Mic

hx.

Hop

loch

aito

phor

us q

uerc

icol

a (M

onel

l in

Rile

y &

Mon

ell 1

879)

0E

ULa

chnu

s al

legh

enie

nsis

McC

ook

1877

0E

UM

yzoc

allis

dis

colo

r (M

onel

l in

Rile

y &

Mon

ell 1

879)

0E

UM

yzoc

allis

pun

ctat

us (

Mon

ell i

n R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)0

EU

HN

eosy

myd

obiu

s m

imic

us H

otte

s 19

260

EU

Steg

ophy

lla q

uerc

icol

a (M

onel

l in

Rile

y &

Mon

ell 1

879)

0E

UG

eran

iace

aeG

eran

ium

spp

.A

mph

orop

hora

ger

anii

Gill

ette

& P

alm

er 1

929

0C

VA

mph

orop

hora

col

oute

nsis

Sm

ith &

Kno

wlto

n 19

830

PM

acro

siph

um g

eran

ii (O

estlu

nd 1

887)

0E

Gro

ssul

aria

ceae

Rib

es s

pp.

Aph

is m

anito

bens

is R

obin

son

& R

ojan

avon

gse

1976

1E

Aph

is m

imul

i Oes

tlund

188

71

EA

phis

oen

othe

rae

Oes

tlund

188

71

EA

phis

var

ians

Pat

ch 1

914

1P

Cry

ptom

yzus

gal

eops

idis

(K

alte

nbac

h 18

43)

1H

P, a

Cry

ptom

yzus

rib

is (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

1H

P, a

Hyp

erom

yzus

lact

ucae

(L

inna

eus

1758

)1

AH

, aH

yper

omyz

us n

abal

i (O

estlu

nd 1

886)

1E

Hyp

erom

yzus

pal

lidus

Hill

e R

is L

ambe

rs 1

935

1A

H, a

Hyp

erom

yzus

rib

iellu

s (J

. J. D

avis

191

9)1

EP

Nas

onov

ia c

ynos

bati

(Oes

tlund

188

7)1

PN

ason

ovia

hou

ghto

nens

is s

imili

s H

eie

1979

1P

Lam

iace

aeva

riou

s ge

nera

Cry

ptom

yzus

rib

is (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

2H

P, a

Gal

eops

is te

trah

it L

.C

rypt

omyz

us g

aleo

psid

is (

Kal

tenb

ach

1843

)2

HP,

aM

onar

da fi

stul

osa

L.

Aph

is n

eom

onar

dae

Roj

anav

ongs

e &

Rob

inso

n 19

770

EH

yalo

myz

us m

onar

dae

(Dav

is 1

912)

2E

Men

tha

arve

nsis

L.

Ova

tus

crat

aega

rius

(W

alke

r 18

50)

2H

Lyth

race

aeLy

thru

m s

alic

ara

L.

Myz

us ly

thri

(Sc

hran

k 18

01)

2W

, aM

alva

ceae


Hos

tC

ycD

istr

ibut

ion

Com

men

t

Alc

ea r

osea

L.

Uro

leuc

on e

oess

igi (

Kno

wlto

n 19

47)

0E

Myr

icac

eae

Myr

ica

gale

L.

Illin

oia

cana

dens

is (

Mac

Gill

ivra

y 19

58)

0E

Ole

acea

eF

raxi

nus

spp.

Pro

ciph

ilus

amer

ican

us (

Wal

ker

1852

)1

H[E

]O

nagr

acea

eC

ham

erio

n an

gust

ifoliu

m (

L.)

Hol

ubA

phis

oen

othe

rae

Oes

tlund

188

70

EA

phis

var

ians

Pat

ch 1

914

2P

Mac

rosi

phum

val

eria

nae

(Cla

rke

1903

)0

PE

pilo

bium

spp

.A

phis

sal

icar

iae

Koc

h 18

550

P, a

Oen

othe

ra b

ienn

is L

.A

phis

oen

othe

rae

Oes

tlund

188

70

PA

phis

oes

tlund

i Gill

ette

192

72

EO

enot

hera

spp.

Ano

ecia

oen

othe

rae

Wils

on 1

911

0E

Oro

banc

hace

aeC

astil

leja

spp

.N

ason

ovia

cas

telle

iae

(Sam

pson

193

9)0

PO

rtho

carp

us, P

edic

ular

is s

pp.

Nas

onov

ia a

lpin

a (G

illet

te &

Pal

mer

192

8)0

PPo

lygo

nace

aeP

olyg

onum

spp

.A

spid

aphi

s ad

juva

ns (

Wal

ker

1848

)0

[P]E

, aC

apito

phor

us h

ippo

phae

s (W

alke

r 18

52)

2H

, aR

umex

spp

.A

phis

rum

icis

Lin

naeu

s 17

580

EW

, aPr

imul

acea

eLy

sim

achi

a sp

p.M

ordw

ilkoj

a va

gabu

nda

(Wal

sh 1

863)

2PV

ER

anun

cula

ceae

Aqu

ilegi

a sp

p.N

ason

ovia

aqu

ilegi

ae E

ssig

191

70

GP

Cle

mat

is li

gust

icifo

lia N

utt.

Illin

oia

brev

itars

is (

Gill

ette

& P

alm

er 1

933)

0G

VD

elph

iniu

m s

pp.

Bra

chyc

audu

s ro

ciad

ae (

Coc

kere

ll 19

03)

0[G

]EN

ason

ovia

wah

inka

e ro

bins

oni R

icha

rds

1958

0G

Thal

ictr

um s

pp.

Nas

onov

ia p

urpu

rasc

ens

(Oes

tlund

188

7)0

E[P

]R

osac

eae

vari

ous

gene

raM

acro

siph

um p

seud

oros

ae P

atch

191

90

PVE

HA

mel

anch

ier

alni

folia

(N

utt.)

Nut

t. ex

M. R

oem

.A

cyrt

hosi

phon

mac

rosi

phum

(W

ilson

191

2)A

phis

whi

tesh

elle

nsis

Roj

anav

ongs

e &

Rob

inso

n 19

770 0

PV E


Eri

osom

a am

eric

anum

(R

iley

in R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)2

E, P

Nea

rcta

phis

sen

sori

ata

(Gill

ette

& B

ragg

191

8)1

PP

roci

philu

s ca

ryae

car

yae

(Fitc

h 18

56)

1P

Cra

taeg

us s

pp.

Eri

caph

is g

entn

eri (

Mas

on 1

947)

0C

Eri

osom

a cr

atae

gi (

Oes

tlund

188

7)2

EN

earc

taph

is c

rata

egifo

liae

(Fitc

h 18

51)

1PV

EU

tam

phor

opho

ra c

rata

egi (

Mon

ell i

n R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)0

CC

rata

egus

, Mal

us,

Cot

onea

ster

spp

.A

phis

pom

i DeG

eer

1773

0E

H, a

Eri

osom

a la

nige

rum

(H

ausm

ann

1802

)2

EN

earc

taph

is b

aker

i (C

owen

ex

Gill

ette

& B

aker

189

5)1

PR

hopa

losi

phum

oxy

acan

thae

(Sc

hran

k 18

01)

1PE

AF

raga

ria

spp.

Abs

trus

omyz

us v

alul

iae

(Rob

inso

n 19

74)

0PE

Aph

is fo

rbes

i Wee

d 18

890

EC

haet

osip

hon

frag

aefo

lii (

Coc

kere

ll 19

01)

0PV

EH

Pot

entil

la fr

utic

osa

L.

Acy

rtho

siph

on a

ssin

iboi

nens

e R

obin

son

1973

0PV

EN

ason

ovia

will

iam

si C

.F. S

mith

& P

arro

n 19

780

EP

runu

s sp

p.R

hopa

losi

phum

nym

phae

ae (

Lin

naeu

s 17

61)

1PV

E, a

Hys

tero

neur

a se

tari

ae (

Tho

mas

187

8)1

EP

runu

s (s

.g. P

runo

phor

a) s

pp.

Hya

lopt

erus

pru

ni (

Geo

ffro

y 17

62)

1PE

, aP

runu

s pe

nsyl

vani

ca L

.f.

Myz

us c

eras

i (Fa

bric

ius

1775

)1

PVE

, aM

yzus

lyth

ri (

Schr

ank

1801

)1

E, a

Pru

nus

virg

inia

na L

.A

siph

onap

his

prun

i Wils

on 1

919

0(G

)PV

ER

hopa

losi

phum

cer

asifo

liae

(Fitc

h 18

55)

1PV

WE

Rho

palo

siph

um p

adi (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

1(G

)PV

A, a

Ros

a sp

p.C

haet

osip

hon

thom

asi H

ille

Ris

Lam

bers

195

30

PVH

Eom

acro

siph

on n

igro

mac

ulos

um (

Mac

Dou

gall

1926

)0

PE

rica

phis

wak

ibae

(H

otte

s 19

34)

0P

Mac

rosi

phum

ros

ae (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

0,1

H, a

can

com

plet

e lif

ecyc

le o

n ro

seM

acul

olac

hnus

sijp

kens

i Hill

e R

is L

ambe

rs 1

962

0G

PM

etop

olop

hium

dir

hodu

m (

Wal

ker

1849

)1

GPV

EA

, aP

seud

ocer

cidi

s ro

sae

Ric

hard

s 19

610

PEW

ahlg

reni

ella

ner

vata

(G

illet

te 1

908)

0PV

Ros

a, F

raga

ria

spp.

Cha

etos

ipho

n m

inus

(Fo

rbes

188

4)0

EH

Rho

dobi

um p

oros

um (

Sand

erso

n 19

00)

0E

HR

osa,

Pot

entil

la s

pp.

Myz

aphi

s ro

saru

m (

Kal

tenb

ach

1843

)0

PEH


Hos

tC

ycD

istr

ibut

ion

Com

men

t

Rub

us (

s.g.

Rub

us)

spp.

Aph

is r

ubifo

lii (

Tho

mas

187

9)0

ER

ubus

str

igos

us M

ichx

.A

mph

orop

hora

aga

thon

ica

Hot

tes

1950

0PV

EU

Aph

is r

ubic

ola

Oes

tlund

188

70

PEIl

linoi

a ru

bico

la (

Oes

tlund

188

6)0

PVE

USp

irae

a [n

on-n

ativ

e sp

p.]

Aph

is s

pira

ecol

a Pa

tch

1914

1,2

H, a

Spir

aea

alba

Du

Roi

Aph

is s

pira

ephi

la P

atch

191

40

EU

Sorb

us s

pp.

Mus

caph

is e

sche

rich

i Bör

ner

1939

1E

[UP]

Phy

soca

rpus

opu

lifol

ius

(L.)

Max

im.

Uta

mph

orop

hora

hum

bold

ti (E

ssig

194

1)1

ESa

licac

eae

Pop

ulus

spp

.A

phis

mac

ulat

ae O

estlu

nd 1

887

2C

PVE

UC

haito

phor

us p

opul

icol

a T

hom

as 1

878

0C

PVE

UP

hyllo

xeri

na s

p.

0PV

Pte

roco

mm

a po

pulif

olia

e (F

itch

1851

)0

PVP

tero

com

ma

pseu

dopo

pule

um P

alm

er 1

952

0PV

Pte

roco

mm

a bi

colo

r (O

estlu

nd 1

887)

0PV

EP

tero

com

ma

smith

iae

(Mon

ell i

n R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)0

PVE

Thec

abiu

s po

pulic

ondu

plifo

lius

Cow

en e

x G

illet

te &

Bak

er 1

995

1PV

Pop

ulus

alb

a L

.C

haito

phor

us p

opul

ialb

ae (

Boy

er d

e Fo

nsco

lom

be 1

841)

0H

, aP

opul

us b

alsa

mife

ra L

.[i

ncl.

hybr

ids

with

P.d

elto

ides

and

P.

angu

stifo

lia J

ames

]

Cha

itoph

orus

pop

ulifo

lii (

Ess

ig 1

912)

0PV

EU

Cha

itoph

orus

sp.

0PV

unde

scri

bed

Cha

itoph

orus

ste

vens

is S

anbo

rn 1

904

0PV

EC

lyde

smith

ia c

anad

ensi

s D

anie

lsso

n 19

901

PVP

emph

igus

bet

ae D

oane

190

01

CPV

Pem

phig

us m

onop

hagu

s M

axso

n 19

340

CPV

Pem

phig

us p

opul

iglo

buli

Fitc

h 18

591

CPV

Pem

phig

us p

opul

iven

ae F

itch

1859

1C

PVP

emph

igu s

sp.

1C

PVun

desc

ribe

dTh

ecab

ius

grav

icor

nis

(Pat

ch 1

913)

1C

PVTh

ecab

ius

popu

limon

ilis

(Rile

y in

Rile

y &

Mon

ell 1

879)

1C

PVP

opul

us d

elto

ides

W. B

artr

am e

x M

arsh

all

Mor

dwilk

oja

vaga

bund

a (W

alsh

186

3)1

PVE

Pac

hypa

ppa

pseu

doby

rsa

(Wal

sh 1

863)

0?PV

Pem

phig

us n

orto

nii M

axso

n 19

341

CPV

Pem

phig

us p

opul

icau

lis F

itch

1859

1PV

E


Pem

phig

us p

opul

iram

ulor

um R

iley

in R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)1

PVP

emph

igus

pop

ulitr

ansv

ersu

s R

iley

in R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)1

PVE

Pem

phig

us ta

rtar

eus

Hot

tes

& F

riso

n 19

311

PVE

reco

rded

as

P. ju

nctis

enso

riat

usP

opul

us n

igra

L.

Pem

phig

us b

ursa

rius

(L

inna

eus

1758

)1

H, a

Pem

phig

us s

pyro

thec

ae P

asse

rini

185

60

H, a

Pop

ulus

trem

uloi

des

Mic

hx.

Cha

itoph

orus

neg

lect

us H

otte

s &

Fri

son

1931

0C

PVU

EP

achy

papp

a ro

sette

i (M

axso

n 19

34)

1P

Pac

hypa

ppa

sacc

uli (

Gill

ette

191

4)1

PP

seud

opte

roco

mm

a ca

nade

nsis

Ric

hard

s 19

660

PUP

seud

opte

roco

mm

a hu

ghi (

Mac

Gill

ivra

y 19

63)

0E

Salix

spp

.A

phis

fari

nosa

Gm

elin

179

00

CPV

EU

Cav

arie

lla a

egop

odii

(Sco

poli

1763

)1

PVH

, aC

avar

iella

aqu

atic

a (G

illet

te &

Bra

gg 1

916)

1E

Cav

arie

lla d

igita

ta H

ille

Ris

Lam

bers

196

91

PC

avar

iella

kon

oi T

akah

ashi

193

91

PC

avar

iella

pas

tinac

ae (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

1PV

H, a

Cav

arie

lla s

alic

is (

Mon

ell i

n R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)1

CV

WE

Cav

arie

lla th

eoba

ldi (

Gill

ette

& B

ragg

191

8)1

PVC

haito

phor

us m

acro

stac

hyae

(E

ssig

191

2)0

(G)P

VC

haito

phor

us m

acgi

llivr

ayae

Ric

hard

s 19

720

PVH

Cha

itoph

orus

nig

rae

Oes

tlund

188

60

PVC

haito

phor

us p

usill

us H

otte

s &

Fri

son

1931

0P

Cha

itoph

orus

sal

icin

iger

(K

now

lton

1927

)0

PEC

haito

phor

us v

imin

alis

Mon

ell i

n R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

90

EV

Ful

law

aya

sp.

0V

E

Mac

rosi

phum

cal

iforn

icum

(C

lark

e 19

03)

0P

Pte

roco

mm

a bi

colo

r (O

estlu

nd 1

885)

0PV

EP

tero

com

ma

salic

is (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

0P,

aP

tero

com

ma

smith

iae

(Mon

ell i

n R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)0

PVE

Tube

rola

chnu

s sa

lignu

s (G

mel

in 1

790)

0V

ESa

pind

acea

eA

cer

spp.

Dre

pana

phis

ace

rifo

liae

(Tho

mas

187

8)0

EA

cer

spic

atum

Lam

.D

repa

naph

is s

pica

ta C

.F. S

mith

194

10

EA

cer

negu

ndin

o L

.P

erip

hyllu

s ne

gund

inis

(T

hom

as 1

877)

0C

PVE


Hos

tC

ycD

istr

ibut

ion

Com

men

t

Saxi

frag

acea

eSa

xifr

aga

sp.

Nas

onov

ia v

ocke

roth

i (R

icha

rds

1963

)0

ET

iliac

eae

Tilia

×eu

ropa

ea L

.E

ucal

lipte

rus

tilia

e (L

inna

eus

1758

)0

H, a

Ulm

acea

eU

lmus

spp

.E

rios

oma

mim

icum

Hot

tes

& F

riso

n 19

611

EE

rios

oma

rile

yi T

hom

as 1

877

0E

Tetr

aneu

ra u

lmi (

Lin

naeu

s 17

58)

1H

, aU

lmus

L.

Eri

osom

a am

eric

anum

(R

iley

in R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)1

EV

HE

rios

oma

crat

aegi

(O

estlu

nd 1

887)

1E

HE

rios

oma

lani

geru

m (

Hau

sman

n 18

02)

1E

HC

olop

ha u

lmic

ola

(Fitc

h 18

59)

1E

Col

opha

gra

min

is (

Mon

ell 1

882)

1E

Tino

calli

s ul

mifo

lii (

Mon

ell i

n R

iley

& M

onel

l 187

9)0

EU

rtic

acea

eU

rtic

a gr

acili

s A

iton

Am

phor

opho

ra u

rtic

a E

ssig

194

20

PM

icro

loph

ium

car

nosu

m (

Buc

kton

187

6)0

PM

onoc

ots

Asp

arag

acea

eA

spar

agus

offi

cina

lis L

.B

rach

ycor

ynel

la a

spar

agi (

Mor

dvilk

o 19

29)

0H

, aM

aian

them

um s

tella

tum

L.

Lin

k,C

onva

llari

a m

ajal

is L

.Il

linoi

a w

ahna

ga (

Hot

tes

1952

)0

PVE

[U]

Pol

ygon

atum

bifl

orum

(W

alte

r) E

lliot

tC

atam

ergu

s ki

ckap

oo (

Hot

tes

& F

riso

n 19

31)

0E

Cyp

erac

eae

vari

ous

gene

ra, n

ot C

arex

Rho

palo

siph

um c

eras

ifolia

e (F

itch

1855

)2

PVE

WC

arex

spp

.C

arol

inai

a ho

war

dii (

Wils

on 1

911)

2E

Cer

urap

his

vibu

rnic

ola

(Gill

ette

190

9)2

PVIz

iphy

a sp

ence

ri R

icha

rds

1958

0E

[G],

a?

Izip

hya fl a

bella

(Sa

nbor

n 19

04)

0G

PEU

Izip

hya

vitta

ta R

icha

rds

1958

0E

[Sub

izip

hya

clau

seni

Que

dnau

199

0]0

[G]

Thri

psap

his

balli

(G

illet

te 1

908)

0PE

Thri

psap

his

cype

ri (

Wal

ker

1848

)0

E[P

]


Junc

acea

eJu

ncus

, Luz

ula

spp.

Sito

bion

ave

nae

(Fab

rici

us 1

775)

0(G

)PV

EW

A, a

Smila

cace

aeSm

ilax

herb

acea

L.

Neo

proc

iphi

lus

acer

is (

Mon

ell 1

882)

2E

Mel

iant

hace

aeA

ntic

lea

eleg

ans

(Pur

sh)

Ryd

b.M

acro

siph

um k

iow

anep

us (

Hot

tes

1933

)0

PPo

acea

eva

riou

s ge

nera

incl

udin

g gr

ain

crop

sA

noec

ia g

ram

inis

Gill

ette

& P

alm

er 1

924

0E

Ano

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The European species, P. glandulosus (Kaltenbach), widely introduced elsewhere in North America, was recorded from Alberta by Harper and Bradley (1987), but no supporting material has been located. Species of the genus Macrosiphoniella also feed on Artemisia and related Asteraceae. This genus is most diverse in the Palearctic region, but several species are indigenous to North America and several others are adventive from Eurasia. Three native and two adventive species of Macrosiphoniella are found in the southern Prairie Provinces. Misturaphis shiloensis is known only from Shilo, Manitoba, on Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata. The chenopodiaceous shrub Sarcobatus vermiculatus, common on saline fl ats, is host to Brachyunguis bonnevillensis. Although not yet collected in Canada, this aphid is found from Arizona to Montana and may be expected to occur in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Protected depressions and slopes within the grasslands harbour

Table 3. Summary of number of indigenous and adventive aphid species with various host and ecological associations and with different life cycle types.

Category Number of Species4

Native1 Adventive1

Host groupMosses 4 0Ferns 2 0Conifers 27 0Dicot trees and shrubs2 144 38Dicot forbs2 118 45Grasses 12 18Other monocots 10 3

Habitat/regionGrasslands 47 20River valley forests 61 14Parkland 133 31Eastern parkland/long-grass prairie 163 36Eastern uplands 25 1Cypress Hills 24 0Wetlands 4 5Agricultural fi elds 6 29Horticultural plantings 29 49

Life cycle typeNon-alternating 210 44Host alternating 65 31Asexual3 1 6

Total species 2764 81

1 Original distribution of some widespread aphids is unclear. Species that may be naturally Holarctic (such as some moss-feeding aphids) are counted as “native.” Species native elsewhere in North America, but present in the Prairies Ecozone as a result of recent fl oristic changes arising from European settlement, are also counted as native.

2 “Shrub” is used to indicate upright woody perennial “bushy” plants and includes such plants as Rubus species with biennial woody above-ground growth. On the other hand, low-growing plants with persistent woody crowns or stem bases (such as Artemisia frigida) are grouped with “forbs.”

3 Includes species that are host alternating in their native range, but persist asexually in the absence of their primary host (e.g., members of tribe Fordini with sexual forms on pistachio in the Mediterranean region).

4 Includes fi ve species expected in the Prairies Ecozone but not yet collected.


a number of other shrubby plants and their associated aphids, such as the aphid Aphthargelia symphoricarpi on Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Maculolachnus sijpkensi on Rosa, Asiphonaphis pruni on Prunus virginiana, and several Capitophorus species on Shepherdia.

Although a number of aphid genera contain grass specialists, the number of such species in the Nearctic grasslands is low, in contrast, for example, to the African savanna, where the genus Sitobion in particular has radiated extensively (Eastop 1961). The few native Nearctic aphids on grasses are infrequently collected and their distributions are unknown. Cryptaphis bromi is known from Winnipeg, Manitoba; Athabasca, Alberta; and Penticton, British Columbia. It is quite cryptic in its habits (a small brown aphid apparently feeding at the base of the grass plant among the dried remains of the leaf sheaths) (Robinson 1967) and may be much more common than its known incidence suggests. Sipha agropyronensis is currently confi rmed only from Colorado, but may be more widespread. Anoecia graminis feeds on grass roots in Colorado, and a very similar aphid has been found at Winnipeg and at Kinsella, Alberta (Newton et al. 2011). Three aphid species (Forda formicaria, F. marginata, Geoica utricularia) of Mediterranean origin have been collected on the roots of native grasses at a number of sites in the grassland areas of the Prairie Provinces. The other grass-feeding aphids in the area are usually encountered on grain crops and are discussed below with other aphids of agricultural systems.

Among other herbaceous plants of the grasslands, Grindelia squarrosa is notable in that it supports three specifi c aphids: Atarsos grindeliae (which overcomes the stickiness of its host plant by lacking tarsi), Illinoia richardsi, and Uroleucon grindeliae. Subizyphia clauseni is known only from a collection in 1908 in the mixedgrass region of eastern Montana (Quednau 1990) and a recent collection by the authors in the Kootenay Plains (Alberta) on a dryland Carex species (likely C. duriuscula or C. obtusata). It probably occurs in the intervening area.

Parkland and River Valley Forests

Species of Populus are the most obvious fl oral element of the parkland and of the major river valleys and constitute the primary (overwintering) host for a number of gall-forming, host-alternating aphids, as well as several non-alternating aphid species. Floate (2010) treated 14 species of native and two species of introduced aphids forming galls on cottonwoods. An additional poplar-gall aphid, Clydesmithia canadensis, previously unrecognized east of Waterton Lakes National Park, is now known from recent collections by the authors to occur as far east as Ninette, Manitoba. Two other species (Pachypappa rosettei and P. sacculi) form pseudogalls (gall-like distortions of host tissue that are not completely closed) on trembling aspen. Among non-galling aphids, Aphis maculatae uses various Populus species as summer hosts (the winter host is Cornus sericea). Fourteen non-alternating species (in genera Chaitophorus, Fullawaya, Pterocomma, and Pseudopterocomma) feed on Populus species in this area.

Other aphids are associated with other trees and shrubs in river valleys. Acer negundo is host to Periphyllus negundinis; Amelanchier alnifolia to Acyrthosiphon macrosiphum and, where Amelanchier co-occurs with elm, to Eriosoma americanum; Crataegus species to Nearctaphis bakeri and N. crataegifolii; Cornus sericea to Aphis (three species) and Macrosiphum (two species); Lonicera involucrata and L. dioca to Rhopalomyzus species and Gypsoaphis oestlundi, respectively; Potentilla fruticosa to Acrythosiphon assiniboinensis, Myzaphis rosarum, and Nasonovia williamsi; Prunus virginiana to Asiphonaphis pruni, Rhopalosiphum cerasifoliae, and R. padi; Ribes species to several species of Aphis,


Hyperomyzus (subgenus Neonasonovia), and Nasonovia (subgenus Kakimia); and Rosa to Chaetosiphon species, and, in shaded locations, to Eomacrosiphon nigromaculosum and Pseudoceridis rosae.

Compared with those of the grasslands, a larger number of herbaceous plants of the parkland and river valley forests serve as aphid hosts. For example, about 20 species of Uroleucon occur on various composites, especially asters and goldenrods. Most of the poplar gall-forming species and many of the shrub-feeding species (particularly those on Ribes) mentioned above use herbaceous plants as summer hosts. The summer hosts of some of the poplar-gall species include roots of crop plants such as sugarbeet and potentially canola (known secondary hosts of Pemphigus populitransversus are cruciferous plants). The secondary hosts of Rhopalomyzus species are grasses.

Eastern Forest Elements

Southern Manitoba and southeastern Saskatchewan, in addition to their grassland and parkland components, are characterized by the presence of plants that are more predominant in eastern North America. For example, Quercus macrocarpa (with Hoplochaitophorus quercicola, Lachnus allegheniensis, Neosymydobius mimicus, Myzocallis species, and Stegophylla querci) and Ulmus americana (with Eriosoma species and Tinocallis ulmifolii) occur naturally in this area. Boreal Plains species such as white spruce (host to Mindarus obliquus and several Cinara species) and birches (host to species of Calaphis, Euceraphis, and Symydobius) occur in higher areas, such as Spruce Woods Provincial Park in Manitoba and Moose Mountain in Saskatchewan. Hysteroneura setariae, which alternates between Prunus and grasses in eastern North America (and is widespread in the tropics as completely asexual populations on grasses), has been collected in eastern Manitoba and occasionally recorded from grain crops (Robinson and Hsu 1963; Gavloski and Meers 2011).

Cypress Hills

The aphids present in the transition from the surrounding grasslands to the higher elevations of the Cypress Hills are similar to those in the transition from the grasslands to parkland, although the transition is more abrupt. In addition, typical boreal species may be found, such as several Cinara species, Mindarus obliquus, and adelgid species on Picea glauca, as well as Tamalia coweni on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Several aphid species normally found in montane regions are also present. These include Cinara nigra and Essigella knowltoni (on Pinus contorta), Ericaphis gentneri (on Crataegus sp.), and Aphis lupini (on Lupinus sp.). Also found on Crataegus sp. is the eastern North American species Utamphorophora crataegi.

Wetlands

The willows (Salix), sedges (Carex), rushes (Juncus), bulrushes (Scirpus), and cattails (Typha) of stream banks and persistent wetlands, including those occurring within the grassland area, are hosts to a number of aphid species. Aphis farinosa, Macrosiphum californicum, and several species of Chaitophorus and Pterocomma occur on willows. Cavariella species use willows as overwintering hosts and various umbelliferous plants as summer hosts. Rhopalosiphum enigmae lives within the leaf sheath at the base of cattail plants and Thripsaphis species feed on Carex.


Adventive Aphids of Agricultural and Horticultural Systems

The substantial adventive aphid fauna of North America has been documented by Foottit et al. (2006). The cosmopolitan polyphagous aphids, Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae, occur commonly on a number of agricultural and horticultural crops, as well as on various weeds and native plants. Macrosiphum euphorbiae, apparently native to eastern North America, is now found worldwide. It uses Rosa as a winter host, but accepts a wide range of plants as summer hosts, including many ornamental and dicot crop plants.

Gavloski and Meers (2011) summarized the aphid fauna associated with grain crops. The cosmopolitan species Rhopalosiphum padi, the bird cherry-oat aphid (using chokecherry as overwintering host), and Metopolophium dirhodum (with rose as overwintering host) are among the most abundant species in most trap samples. Sitobion avenae, the English grain aphid, is found in both north and south temperate areas of the world. It is common in moist areas, where it occurs on species of various plants, mainly graminoid monocots, but as its name implies, it is also common on grain crops. Diuraphis tritici was described from North America, but may be of East Asian origin (Blackman and Eastop 2006). Diuraphis frequens and D. noxia (Russian wheat aphid) originate in Europe and central Asia, respectively. Rhopalosiphum maidis and Schizaphis graminum do not overwinter in the Canadian Prairies, but in some years, migration from more southern regions results in economically signifi cant outbreaks. Sipha elegans (= S. agropyrella) and S. glyceriae are common throughout the northern hemisphere and S. fl ava is broadly distributed in the United States and South America. There are several records of S. elegans from various localities in the Prairies Ecozone, and the other two Sipha species have been found in southern Manitoba.

Aphids also feed on various dicot crops. Lipaphis pseudobrassicae and Brevicoryne brassicae occur on both cultivated (Gavloski et al. 2011) and weedy crucifers (Brassicaceae), including native species. Soroka and Otani (2011) include the aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum, Therioaphis trifolii (including form maculata), T. riehmi, and Nearctaphis bakeri in their discussion of insects on legume forage crops. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, was fi rst recorded in North America in 2000 (Hunt et al. 2003) and is now distributed through most of the soybean-growing areas of the continent, including southern Manitoba.

Two drought-tolerant central Asian shrub species, extensively planted across the prairies as ornamentals and in windbreaks, and persisting at sites of abandoned farmsteads, have associated aphid species: Acyrthosiphon caraganae, Therioaphis tenera (on Caragana arborescens), and Hyadaphis tataricae (on Lonicera tartarica). Although T. tenera was only recently recognized in North America (in Quebec; Quednau 2003), it was found by the authors to be widely distributed in Alberta and Saskatchewan in 2009 and 2010. Artemisia species introduced by early settlers for medicinal and culinary purposes, and now naturalized in many areas, brought with them several species of Coloradoa, a Palearctic genus of inconspicuous aphids specializing on wormwoods and other anthemids.

Urban Forests

Planting of trees in urban areas and as windbreaks has resulted in the extension of the range of several species of aphid found in the boreal or eastern forests. In particular, several Cinara species feeding on spruce are now widely distributed across the region, Eriosoma species occur on elm wherever it is planted, and several aphids species are found (or are expected) on ornamental birches.


Biogeographical Aspects

The aphids associated strictly with grassland habitat are primarily a northern extension of the ranges of species occurring in the Great Plains and Great Basin of the United States. The largest proportion of the species in the Prairies Ecozone occurs in areas of transition on plants that are also found in the Boreal Plains and eastern deciduous forest. A few western montane species occur in the Cypress Hills. Because of the transformation of the region by agriculture, the most prominent species in terms of numbers are those that came from Eurasia with their crop and weed hosts.

Research Priorities

Most aphid-collecting efforts in the Prairies Ecozone have been focused on agricultural (A.M. Harper) and forestry (G.A. Bradley) needs. The aphid fauna of southern Manitoba is well-known because of the work of A.G. Robinson. However, the distribution and abundance of most of the species found in the drier grasslands has been little studied. For example, Canadian records of many of the Artemisia-feeding species are based on only a few collections made by the authors in 2009 and 2010. Root aphids are a substantially unstudied component of the fauna. The few collections available contain specimens that do not fi t within the known variation of described species (Newton et al. 2011). The secondary (summer) hosts for poplar-gall forming species are roots of various plants, but the specifi c associations for most species are unclear or unknown.

The lack of collections available for many species (both within Canada and in the broader range of these species) has resulted in a poor understanding of the range of variation in characters among and within taxa. Analysis of this variation would aid in the resolution of boundaries and more robust defi nitions of species, especially in speciose genera such as Uroleucon and Pleotrichophorus.

Even among more extensively collected taxa, there is need for more detailed analysis to delimit morphologically cryptic species. The application of DNA sequence data is a useful tool in identifying cryptic taxa. For example, a recent DNA analysis of sugarbeet root aphid showed that samples identifi ed as Pemphigus betae based on gall morphology in fact belong to three species, one of which is undescribed (Foottit et al. 2010).

Acknowledgements

This review would not have been possible without the efforts of past workers who collected the aphids, notably G.A. Bradley, A.M. Harper, W.R. Richards, A.G. Robinson, J.D. Stanger, and P. Story. The critical comments of two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged.

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orders and families of fl owering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161: 105–121.Blackman, R.L., and Eastop, V.F. 2006. Aphids on the World’s Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, Vol. 2: The

Aphids. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England.Dixon, A.F.G. 2005. Insect Herbivore-Host Dynamics: Tree-Dwelling Aphids. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, England. Eastop, V.F. 1961. A Study of the Aphididae (Homoptera) of West Africa. British Museum of Natural History,

London, U.K.


Floate, K.D. 2010. Gall-inducing aphids and mites associated with the hybrid complex of cottonwoods, Populus spp. (Salicaceae), on Canada’s grasslands. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, Vol. 1: Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats. Edited by J.D. Shorthouse and K.D. Floate. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 281–300.

Foottit, R.G., Floate, K., and Maw, E. 2010. Molecular evidence for sympatric taxa within Pemphigus betae (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Eriosomatinae). The Canadian Entomologist, 142: 344–353.

Foottit, R.G., Halbert, S.E., Miller, G.L., Maw, E., and Russell, L.M. 2006. Adventive aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) of America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 108: 583–610.

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Gavloski, J., and Meers, S. 2011. Arthropods of cereal crops in Canadian grasslands. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, Vol. 2: Inhabitants of a Changing Landscape. Edited by K.D. Floate. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 217–237.

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chapter 12 aphids (hemiptera: aphidoidea) of the prairies

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