Chapter 12

A New National Identity

(1812-1840)

Chapter 12 A New National Identity

(1812-1840)

Section 1

The Rise of Nationalism

The Era of Good Feelings

Period of time following the War of 1812

James Monroe (Republican) elected in 1816 Won re-election in 1820

(ran unopposed)

Monroe’s Secretary of State was John Quincy Adams

Rush-Bagot Agreement

U.S. and British Canada disagreed over control of the waterways along their borders b/c both wanted to maintain navies and

fishing rights on the Great Lakes

Rush-Bagot Agreement – limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both countries

The Issue of Florida

Dispute involving U.S. border w/ Spanish Florida

Sec. of State J.Q. Adams spoke to Luis de Onis about allowing Amer. settlers into Florida

Meanwhile, Pres. Monroe sent Gen. Andrew Jackson to secure the border

The Issue of Florida (continued)

First Seminole War began when Jackson’s troops invaded Florida

w/out Pres. Monroe’s authorization.Jackson fought Seminole & the Spanish.

Jackson’s presence convinced Spain to sign treaty

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Spain gave Florida to U.S.U.S. gave up claims to present day TX & gave

Spain $ 5 million.

The Monroe Doctrine

Latin America rebelling against Spain.U.S. sympathized b/c the rebellions reminded

U.S. of the Amer. Revolution.

Monroe Doctrine IssuedBasically told European powers to stay out of

the Western hemisphere. It protected Latin Amer. govts. from European

powers.Also, that U.S. would view any interference by

Europe as a hostile act.

Chapter 12 A New National Identity

(1812-1840)

Section 2

Expansion and Improvements

The Missouri CompromiseMajor regional conflict over Missouri’s application for

admission into the Union (1819)Pro-slavery leaders in Missouri wanted to join the

nation as a slave stateU.S. already had 11 free states & 11 slave states

Due to the North’s population, they controlled the House of Representatives. Slave states in 1819 had equal power in the Senate & less power in the House.

Northern reps in the House passed legislative amendment accepting Missouri as a slave state with restrictions Importing slaves into Missouri = illegalChildren of Missouri slaves set free

Proposed limits on slavery angered southern politicians

The Missouri Compromise (1820)Henry Clay, helped

Congress reach the MO Compromise – 3 main conditions:MO would enter as a slave

stateMaine would join as a free

stateSlavery would be

prohibited in any new territories or states formed north of 36°30’ latitude –MO’s new southern border

The Missouri Compromise (continued)

Congress passed the Missouri Compromise in 1820

Maine = state, March 15, 1820Missouri = state, August 10, 1820Clay earned nickname “Great

Pacificator” (peacemaker)

Internal Improvements

Henry Clay believed strong national economy would prevent regional conflictswanted protective tariff Use tariff money to improve roads and canals

Clay’s plan – American System (raise protective tariffs, use money for improvements)Believed internal improvements would make

trade easier and connect regions of the countryReceived little support to expand funding of

roads, canals, & education.Some Congressmen against b/c didn’t believe

Constitution allowed the fed. govt. to spend money on internal improvements

New Roads and Canals

Cumberland Road – 1st road built by the fed. govt.

National Road - Extended Cumberland Road to OH by 1833, & to IL by 1850

Water transportation was quicker, easier and cheaper than overland

Many areas of country did not have rivers to connect them to other towns

Lack of rivers caused canal building to increase dramatically in the Northeast

New Roads and Canals (continued)

Largest Canal project: Erie Canal – ran from Albany to Buffalo NY.Paid for by taxpayers of New YorkGreat for trade.

The Election of 1824J. Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson, running for president

as Republicans.Election of 1824 showed many regional differencesNeither won majority vote so House had to chose.Henry Clay influenced the vote by backing Adams. Adam’s wonJackson’s supporters claimed Adams had made a

“corrupt bargain” with Clay; accusations increased after Adams chose Clay to be his secretary of state

Controversy weakened Pres. Adams’s congressional and public support Had little support when asking for federal money for canals,

education, roads, and scientific research

Life under James Monroe

and John Quincy Adams:

The Monroe Doctrine and

the Missouri Compromise

Chapter 12 A New National Identity

(1812-1840)

Section 3

The Age of Jackson

Jacksonian Democracy

Expanding Democracy under Andrew Jackson

More white men gained voting rights b/c many states no longer said you had to own land to vote.

Political parties started having public nominating conventions to select pres. & V.P. candidates.

Expanded voting rights and conventions = more people involved in politics

Election of 1828, New Parties.

Adams vs. Jackson (VP John Calhoun)Jackson’s supporters formed

Democratic Partymostly farmers, frontier settlers, and

southern slaveholders

Adams supporters formed The National Republican Party.

Election of 18281828 campaign focused on candidates’

personalitiesJackson won

Supporters felt it was a victory for the common people

Jackson’s Presidency

Jackson rewarded supporters w/ govt. jobs AKA: the spoils system

Sec. of State: Martin Van Buren

Conflict over Tariffs

North: supported. Tariffs would protect industries by making it cheaper to buy American.

South: against b/c region had little industry & relied heavily on foreign goods.

1828 Tariff. North pressured Congress to pass this high tariff. South called it the Tariff of Abominations

The Nullification CrisisV.P. John C. Calhoun supports states

rights.1832 Tariff again raised tariffs. SC refused to abide by it.

They supported states rights. Means power of fed. govt. limited by the Constitution.

Calhoun agreed that states had the right to nullify, or cancel, any fed. law they considered unconstitutional.

Calhoun resigned the V.P. over it. Jackson against nullification

The Nullification Crisis (continued)Calhoun resigned as vice president in

support of his home stateJackson strongly against nullification2 sides reached a compromise –

Congress agreed to lower tariffs little by little over several years, SC leaders agreed to enforce the tariff law (still believed nullification was legal)

McCulloch v. Maryland (MD)

Several states, like MD, passed laws taxing branches of the national bank

Chief Justice John Marshall ruledElastic clause of the constitution

allowed Congress to est. the bankFed. law superior to state law – this

challenged the idea of states’ rights

Ruling meant that MD could not tax the bank

The Second Bank of the United States

Nicholas Biddle (director of the Bank) – pushed for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter in 1832 (instead of 1836 when it expired)

Jackson vetoed legislation to renew the 2nd Bank of the U.S.’s charter b/c he believed it too powerful.

The 2nd B.U.S. (continued)

Jackson weakened Bank’s power by moving most of its funds to state banks (called pet banks by his opponents)

The state banks’ practice of giving credit to buy land resulted in westward expansion & inflation

Jackson tried to slow inflationOrdered Americans to use only gold or

silver, instead of bank notes to buy government owned land

Did not help national economy

Election of 1836

Whig Party – formed by Jackson’s opponents in 1834Supported the idea of a weak president and

a strong legislature

With Jackson’s support, Van Buren won the election

Panic of 1837

Occurred shortly after Van Buren took office

led to economic depressionCaused by policies of state banks &

Jackson’s plan to curb inflation However, Van Buren took the blame for

it

Election of 1840

1840 election – Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig)

Harrison – general from Battle of Tippecanoe

Whigs’ emphasis on war record and log-cabin roots made Harrison seem similar to Jackson

Harrison won electoral college in a landslide (234 to 60)

Chapter 12 A New National Identity

(1812-1840)

Section 4

Indian Removal

The Black Hawk War

Started b/c Fed. govt. ordered removal of Indians in IL.

Black Hawk (Sauk leader) & followers ignored the removal policy – rejected idea of land ownership

Indian groups began raiding American settlements and attacking U.S. troops

The Sauk fought until they ran out of suppliesAugust 1832 – Black Hawk surrendered, gave

up leadership of the SaukBy 1850, U.S. army had removed American

Indians living within the old Northwest Territory

The Indian Removal ActPassed so land in Southeast could be

farmed.Removed Indians who lived east of the MS

river.Indian Territory –present day OKBureau of Indian Affairs was created by

Congress to oversee fed. policy toward Indians

The Choctaw of MS & western AL were the 1st to be removed to Indian Territory (1830)

Chickasaw were primarily in MS before they were moved 1837 – 1838

The Cherokee Nation

Adopted white culture and formed govt. like the U.S. Thought this would prevent conflicts w/

whites.

Sequoya developed writing system for Cherokee language.

The Trail of Tears

After gold was found on Cherokee land (in GA), the militia began attacking them.

Tribe sued GA saying that they were an independent nation, & the govt. of GA had no authority over them.

Chief Justice John Marshall, agreed w/ the Cherokee (Worcester v. Georgia)Only the federal government, not the states,

had authority over the CherokeeDeclared Georgia’s actions illegalGA ignored Court’s ruling, Pres. Jackson

took no action

Trail of Tears (continued)

Trail of tears Winter 1838-1839, 800 mile forced march. ¼ of Cherokee died.Georgia took businesses, farms and

property

The 2nd Seminole War

Seminole leaders made to sign treaty saying they will leave FL w/in 3 yrs (1832)

Seminole ignored the treaty and refused to leave

Seminole Osceola organized an armed resistance to the forced removal of the Seminole from Florida

After spending millions of dollars, U.S. officials decided to give up the fight

Chapter 12A New National Identity

(1812-1840)

Section 5

American Culture

Washington Irving, American writer who gained respect in EuropeRip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

James Fenimore Cooper popularized Amer. historical fictionThe Pioneers (1823); The Last of the Mohicans

Catharine Maria Sedgwick was the most successful female author of her timeunmarried woman who challenged commonly

held ideas about women

Cover in 1905

Hudson River school (not an actual school)Leader = Thomas Colegroup of artists who painted landscapes; Hudson River valley = subject of many of

their paintings

Thomas Cole, Return

Thomas Cole. Falls of Kaaterskill. 1826. Oil on canvas.

Kindred 1849Asher Durand