chapter 12
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Chapter 12. A New National Identity (1812-1840). Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840). Section 1 The Rise of Nationalism. The Era of Good Feelings. Period of time following the War of 1812 James Monroe (Republican) elected in 1816 Won re-election in 1820 (ran unopposed) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 12
A New National Identity (1812-1840)
Chapter 12 A New National Identity
(1812-1840)
Section 1The Rise of Nationalism
The Era of Good Feelings
Period of time following the War of 1812
James Monroe (Republican) elected in 1816 Won re-election in 1820
(ran unopposed)Monroe’s Secretary of
State was John Quincy Adams
Rush-Bagot Agreement
U.S. and British Canada disagreed over control of the waterways along their borders b/c both wanted to maintain navies and
fishing rights on the Great LakesRush-Bagot Agreement – limited naval
power on the Great Lakes for both countries
The Issue of Florida
Dispute involving U.S. border w/ Spanish Florida
Sec. of State J.Q. Adams spoke to Luis de Onis about allowing Amer. settlers into Florida
Meanwhile, Pres. Monroe sent Gen. Andrew Jackson to secure the border
The Issue of Florida (continued)
First Seminole War began when Jackson’s troops invaded Florida
w/out Pres. Monroe’s authorization.Jackson fought Seminole & the Spanish.
Jackson’s presence convinced Spain to sign treaty
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Spain gave Florida to U.S.U.S. gave up claims to present day TX & gave
Spain $ 5 million.
The Monroe DoctrineLatin America rebelling against Spain.
U.S. sympathized b/c the rebellions reminded U.S. of the Amer. Revolution.
Monroe Doctrine IssuedBasically told European powers to stay out of
the Western hemisphere. It protected Latin Amer. govts. from European
powers.Also, that U.S. would view any interference by
Europe as a hostile act.
Chapter 12 A New National Identity
(1812-1840)
Section 2Expansion and Improvements
The Missouri CompromiseMajor regional conflict over Missouri’s application for
admission into the Union (1819)Pro-slavery leaders in Missouri wanted to join the
nation as a slave stateU.S. already had 11 free states & 11 slave states
Due to the North’s population, they controlled the House of Representatives. Slave states in 1819 had equal power in the Senate & less power in the House.
Northern reps in the House passed legislative amendment accepting Missouri as a slave state with restrictions Importing slaves into Missouri = illegalChildren of Missouri slaves set free
Proposed limits on slavery angered southern politicians
The Missouri Compromise (1820)Henry Clay, helped
Congress reach the MO Compromise – 3 main conditions:MO would enter as a slave
stateMaine would join as a free
stateSlavery would be
prohibited in any new territories or states formed north of 36°30’ latitude –MO’s new southern border
The Missouri Compromise (continued)
Congress passed the Missouri Compromise in 1820
Maine = state, March 15, 1820Missouri = state, August 10, 1820Clay earned nickname “Great
Pacificator” (peacemaker)
Internal ImprovementsHenry Clay believed strong national economy
would prevent regional conflictswanted protective tariff Use tariff money to improve roads and canals
Clay’s plan – American System (raise protective tariffs, use money for improvements)Believed internal improvements would make
trade easier and connect regions of the countryReceived little support to expand funding of
roads, canals, & education.Some Congressmen against b/c didn’t believe
Constitution allowed the fed. govt. to spend money on internal improvements
New Roads and Canals
Cumberland Road – 1st road built by the fed. govt.
National Road - Extended Cumberland Road to OH by 1833, & to IL by 1850
Water transportation was quicker, easier and cheaper than overland
Many areas of country did not have rivers to connect them to other towns
Lack of rivers caused canal building to increase dramatically in the Northeast
New Roads and Canals (continued)
Largest Canal project: Erie Canal – ran from Albany to Buffalo NY.Paid for by taxpayers of New YorkGreat for trade.
The Election of 1824J. Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson, running for president
as Republicans.Election of 1824 showed many regional differencesNeither won majority vote so House had to chose.Henry Clay influenced the vote by backing Adams. Adam’s wonJackson’s supporters claimed Adams had made a
“corrupt bargain” with Clay; accusations increased after Adams chose Clay to be his secretary of state
Controversy weakened Pres. Adams’s congressional and public support Had little support when asking for federal money for canals,
education, roads, and scientific research
Life under James Monroe and John Quincy Adams:The Monroe Doctrine and the Missouri Compromise
Chapter 12 A New National Identity
(1812-1840)
Section 3The Age of Jackson
Jacksonian DemocracyExpanding Democracy under Andrew
JacksonMore white men gained voting rights b/c
many states no longer said you had to own land to vote.
Political parties started having public nominating conventions to select pres. & V.P. candidates.
Expanded voting rights and conventions = more people involved in politics
Election of 1828, New Parties.Adams vs. Jackson (VP John Calhoun)Jackson’s supporters formed
Democratic Partymostly farmers, frontier settlers, and
southern slaveholdersAdams supporters formed The National
Republican Party.
Election of 18281828 campaign focused on candidates’
personalitiesJackson won
Supporters felt it was a victory for the common people
Jackson’s Presidency
Jackson rewarded supporters w/ govt. jobs AKA: the spoils system
Sec. of State: Martin Van Buren
Conflict over TariffsNorth: supported. Tariffs would protect
industries by making it cheaper to buy American.
South: against b/c region had little industry & relied heavily on foreign goods.
1828 Tariff. North pressured Congress to pass this high tariff. South called it the Tariff of Abominations
The Nullification CrisisV.P. John C. Calhoun supports states
rights.1832 Tariff again raised tariffs. SC refused to abide by it.
They supported states rights. Means power of fed. govt. limited by the Constitution.
Calhoun agreed that states had the right to nullify, or cancel, any fed. law they considered unconstitutional.
Calhoun resigned the V.P. over it. Jackson against nullification
The Nullification Crisis (continued)Calhoun resigned as vice president in
support of his home stateJackson strongly against nullification2 sides reached a compromise –
Congress agreed to lower tariffs little by little over several years, SC leaders agreed to enforce the tariff law (still believed nullification was legal)
McCulloch v. Maryland (MD)Several states, like MD, passed laws
taxing branches of the national bankChief Justice John Marshall ruled
Elastic clause of the constitution allowed Congress to est. the bank
Fed. law superior to state law – this challenged the idea of states’ rights
Ruling meant that MD could not tax the bank
The Second Bank of the United States
Nicholas Biddle (director of the Bank) – pushed for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter in 1832 (instead of 1836 when it expired)
Jackson vetoed legislation to renew the 2nd Bank of the U.S.’s charter b/c he believed it too powerful.
The 2nd B.U.S. (continued)Jackson weakened Bank’s power by
moving most of its funds to state banks (called pet banks by his opponents)
The state banks’ practice of giving credit to buy land resulted in westward expansion & inflation
Jackson tried to slow inflationOrdered Americans to use only gold or
silver, instead of bank notes to buy government owned land
Did not help national economy
Election of 1836Whig Party – formed by Jackson’s
opponents in 1834Supported the idea of a weak president and
a strong legislatureWith Jackson’s support, Van Buren won
the election
Panic of 1837
Occurred shortly after Van Buren took office
led to economic depressionCaused by policies of state banks &
Jackson’s plan to curb inflation However, Van Buren took the blame for
it
Election of 1840
1840 election – Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig)
Harrison – general from Battle of Tippecanoe
Whigs’ emphasis on war record and log-cabin roots made Harrison seem similar to Jackson
Harrison won electoral college in a landslide (234 to 60)
Chapter 12 A New National Identity
(1812-1840)
Section 4Indian Removal
The Black Hawk WarStarted b/c Fed. govt. ordered removal of
Indians in IL. Black Hawk (Sauk leader) & followers ignored
the removal policy – rejected idea of land ownership
Indian groups began raiding American settlements and attacking U.S. troops
The Sauk fought until they ran out of suppliesAugust 1832 – Black Hawk surrendered, gave
up leadership of the SaukBy 1850, U.S. army had removed American
Indians living within the old Northwest Territory
The Indian Removal ActPassed so land in Southeast could be
farmed.Removed Indians who lived east of the MS
river.Indian Territory –present day OKBureau of Indian Affairs was created by
Congress to oversee fed. policy toward Indians
The Choctaw of MS & western AL were the 1st to be removed to Indian Territory (1830)
Chickasaw were primarily in MS before they were moved 1837 – 1838
The Cherokee NationAdopted white culture and formed govt.
like the U.S. Thought this would prevent conflicts w/
whites.Sequoya developed writing system for
Cherokee language.
The Trail of TearsAfter gold was found on Cherokee land (in
GA), the militia began attacking them.Tribe sued GA saying that they were an
independent nation, & the govt. of GA had no authority over them.
Chief Justice John Marshall, agreed w/ the Cherokee (Worcester v. Georgia)Only the federal government, not the states,
had authority over the CherokeeDeclared Georgia’s actions illegalGA ignored Court’s ruling, Pres. Jackson
took no action
Trail of Tears (continued)
Trail of tears Winter 1838-1839, 800 mile forced march. ¼ of Cherokee died.Georgia took businesses, farms and
property
The 2nd Seminole War
Seminole leaders made to sign treaty saying they will leave FL w/in 3 yrs (1832)
Seminole ignored the treaty and refused to leave
Seminole Osceola organized an armed resistance to the forced removal of the Seminole from Florida
After spending millions of dollars, U.S. officials decided to give up the fight
Chapter 12A New National Identity
(1812-1840)
Section 5American Culture
Washington Irving, American writer who gained respect in EuropeRip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
James Fenimore Cooper popularized Amer. historical fictionThe Pioneers (1823); The Last of the Mohicans
Catharine Maria Sedgwick was the most successful female author of her timeunmarried woman who challenged commonly
held ideas about women
Cover in 1905
Hudson River school (not an actual school)Leader = Thomas Colegroup of artists who painted landscapes; Hudson River valley = subject of many of
their paintings
Thomas Cole, Return
Thomas Cole. Falls of Kaaterskill. 1826. Oil on canvas.
Kindred 1849Asher Durand