chapter 12
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHAPTER 12THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES THE HONGKONG JUNTA
THE RELIEF OF PRIMO DE RIVERA AGUINALDO RETURNS
THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES
THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY THE SIEGE OF MANILA
AGUINALDO GOES TO SINGAPORE THE SECRET AGREEMENT
THE INTERVIEW WITH PRATT THE MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA
AGUINALDO AND WILDMAN AMERICAN TERMS
THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES
![Page 2: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The struggle continues
(1897-1898)
![Page 3: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Governor General Primo de
Rivera’s success in the
battlefield of Cavite over
Aguinaldo’s forces could have
ended the Revolution.
![Page 4: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Instead a truce agreed upon,
apparently an attempt on both
sides to recover from their
losses and resume fighting
later.
![Page 5: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Some Filipinos, in fact,
continued to engaged the
Spanish forces and established
a temporary government like the
Makabulos “Republic” in
Tarlac.
![Page 6: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Even before the Filipinos could recover
from the battles of 1896, General Emilio
Aguinaldo, as the recognized leader of
the Filipinos in exile in Hongkong and at
Home, negotiated the situation with the
Americans to delay confrontation with an
obviously more powerful country.
![Page 7: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
But the united states misled Aguinaldo to
believe that the Americans came as an ally
of the Filipinos in their fight to end
Spanish rule in the country. But in the end,
the Filipinos fears and suspicious proved to
be true. The American came to stay and
eventually took over as the new colonial
master.
![Page 8: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
THE RELIEF OF PRIMO DE
RIVERA
![Page 9: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
GOVERNOR-GENERAL
PRIMO de RIVERA’s success in
stopping the bloodshed was highly praised in
spain. The queen of Spain, who was reigning for
her son, rewarded him with the Grand Cross of
San Fernando and a pension of about P10,000.
GENERAL BASILIO
AUGUSTIN sent as governor-general to
succeed Primo de Rivera.
![Page 10: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
GENERAL BASILIO AUGUSTIN
![Page 11: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Primo de Rivera knew the Philippines very
well because he had serve previously as
Governor of the country from 1880 to 1883.
With the possibility of a war between the
united states and Spain, Governor Primo de
Rivera would have been a wise choice to
govern the archipelago since he knew the
Filipinos well.
![Page 12: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
GOVERNOR-GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA
![Page 13: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
On April 9, 1898, General
Augustine arrived in
Manila and the following day
Primo de Rivera turned over
the reins of government to
him.
![Page 14: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
![Page 15: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Cuban revolution had won the sympathy
of the Americans because the latter had big
investments in Cuba which they did not want
to be destroyed. Some in influential
Americans, Theodore Roosevelt, wanted
war with Spain so that the American navy
could expand. In 1897, he became Assistant
Secretary of the Navy.
![Page 16: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CUBAN REVOLUTION
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
![Page 17: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Roosevelt worked for the appointment
of Commodore George Dewey as
commander of the American Asiatic
Squadron. On February 25, 1898,
Roosevelt told Dewey to make
Hongkong, which was very near in
Manila, as his base of operations.
![Page 18: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
COMMODORE GEORGE DEWEY
![Page 19: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
On February 15,1898, the American
battleship, USS MAINE
exploded at Havana Harbor in Cuba.
Spain was blamed for the mishap.
More two hundred American sailors
and officers died. So on April
25,1989, the Congress of the United
States formally declared war on Spain.
![Page 20: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
THE BATTLE of MANILA BAY
![Page 21: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dewey received a message by cable
from the Secretary of War. It said:
“War has commenced between the
United States and Spain. Proceed
particularly against the Spanish fleet.
You must capture vessels or destroy.
Use utmost endeavor.
![Page 22: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dewey ordered his fleet to sail for
Manila Bay. Quietly, his fleet
entered the bay in the early morning
hours of May 1, 1898. The Spanish
batteries in Corregidor were too late
in detecting passage of the fleet.
Spanish squadron, commanded by
Admiral Patricio Montojo, was
waiting near Sangley Point, Cavite.
![Page 23: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ADMIRAL PATRICIO MONTOJO
![Page 24: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Montojo was watching
Dewey’s course as he entered
Manila Bay. Dewey spotted
the Spanish ships and ordered
his fleet to turn back and sail
toward Cavite. Standing on the
bridge of the flagship USS
Olympia.
![Page 25: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
AGUINALDO GOES TO SINGAPORE
![Page 26: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
It was early on April of 1898 when
rumors has already reached Manila
that war between Spain and the
United States was to be declared any
time. Isabelo Artacho, one of the
plagiarists of the Cuban Constitution,
went to Hongkong and demanded
Aguinaldo to divide the P400,000
indemnity that was given by the
colonial government to the rebels.
![Page 27: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
To avoid a scandal, Aguinaldo
was advised by Felipe
Agoncillo to leave Hongkong.
Two companions, Gregorio
Del Pilar and Jose Leyba,
Aguinaldo left for Singapore.
![Page 29: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
THE INTERVIEW WITH PRATT
![Page 30: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Aguinaldo and his companions arrived
in Singapore on April 23, 1898. An
Englishman, Howard Bray, who had
lived in the Philippines for a long time,
came to visit Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo
came to Singapore incognito. Pratt
made all the arrangements for
Aguinaldo’s return to Hongkong.
![Page 31: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
FELIPE AGONCILLO
![Page 32: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
AGUINALDO AND WILDMAN
![Page 33: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
On April 26, 1898,
Aguinaldo and his companions
sailed for Hongkong. Dewey
had already left for Manila
when Aguinaldo arrived in the
Brirish colony.
![Page 34: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The American consul at
Hongkong, Rounseville Wildman,
told him that Dewey had left
instructions for the return of
Aguinaldo to the Philippines.
Aguinaldo should established a
government like that of the United
States.
![Page 35: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
THE HONGKONG JUNTA
![Page 36: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
When Dewey won the Battle
of Manila Bay and News
about it reached all parts of the
world, the Filipino patriots in
Hongkong met to discuss the
steps to be taken to take over the
Philippines.
![Page 37: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Aguinaldo told the Junta that the
situation in the Philippines was
very serious and sought their
opinions over the matter. There was
an exchange of points of view and
the Junta unanimously decided that
Aguinaldo should return to the
Philippines.
![Page 38: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
AGUINALDO RETURNS
![Page 39: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Aguinaldo accepted the Junta’s decision,
for he had faith and confidence in its
members. Members of Junta, were Felipe
Agoncillo as President with Doroteo
Lopez as secretary; Teodoro Santico,
Anastacio Francisco, Mariano Llanera,
Miguel Malvar, Andres Garchitorena,
Severo Buenaventura, Maximo Kabigting,
Faustino Lichauco, and Antonio
Montenegro.
![Page 40: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
On May 17, 1898, Aguinaldo
boarded the American revenue
cutter McCulloch, which was
bound for Manila. The ship
arrived in Manila Bay two
days later.
![Page 41: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES
![Page 42: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
When Aguinaldo had finished disembarking
the war equipment which were purchased in
Hongkong, Filipino rebels came to pay him a
visit. On May 21, Aguinaldo issued a
proclamtion saying that, “ Everything appears
favorable for attaining independence … I urge
that we strive to unite our efforts, and let us
fire our hearts with the idea of vindicating
our country. Many nations are on our side.”
![Page 43: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The end of May, Aguinaldo’s armed
forces had captured about 5,000
prisoners. Town after town, in Cavite and
Morong, fell into the hands of the
Filipino rebels. In Pampanga, Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,
Tayabas, Bataan and Camarines, the
people were up in arms against Spain.
![Page 44: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
June 1898, practically the whole of
Luzon, with the exception of the Port
of Cavite, which was in American
hands, and the City of Manila, which
was under the Spaniards, was in the
hands of the Filipino rebels. On June
12,1898, Aguinaldo signed the
Proclamation of the Philippine
Independence in Kawit, Cavite.
![Page 45: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
THE SIEGE OF MANILA
![Page 46: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The defeat of the Spanish fleet
discouraged the Spanish officials in
the City to prevent the Filipino
population from siding with
Aguinaldo, Governor-General Basilio
Augustin issued a circular saying that
the unity of the Philippines and its
liberties lay with Spain.
![Page 47: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Filipino rebels besieged
Manila, which was then called
Intramuros or the Walled City.
Dewey could not deploy troops in
Manila because he did not have
enough soldiers aboard the battleship.
![Page 48: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
THE SECRET AGREEMENT
![Page 49: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
In June and July, however, American
troops arrived in Manila Bay. They
landed in Paranaque and encamped south of
Pasay. General Arthur MacArthur,
believed that they could fight the Spaniards.
Governor was ready to surrender to the
Americans, but the government of Spain
did not like this. He was relieved of his
duty and was succeeded by General Fermin
Jaudenes.
![Page 50: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Jaudenes believed that the
Spanish position was very
weak. He entered into a secret
agreement with Dewey and
General Wesley Meritt.
![Page 51: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
THE MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA
![Page 52: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
It was August 13, 1898, there
was a downpour because the rainy
season had arrived. The American
soldiers walked quietly towards the
walls of the city in preparation for
the “battle”.
![Page 53: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
When the firing started, the
Filipino soldiers advanced.
General Meritt ordered
General Francis V. Greene
to stop the Filipinos.
![Page 54: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
THE AMERICAN TERMS
![Page 55: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
At five o’clock in the afternoon of
August 13, the Spanish governor-general
agreed to sign the surrender document.
Meanwhile, in Washington, D.C., the
protocol of peace was signed by the
representatives of Spain and the United
States. According to this protocol, both
nations would appoint not more than five
commissioners each.
![Page 56: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
These commissioners were to meet on
October 1, 1898 in Paris, France to discuss
the terms of peace treaty. On August 12,
Washington time, President William
McKinley of the United States issued a
proclamation ordering that “all military
operation was cabled to General Meritt in
Manila. However because Dewey cut the
cable linking in Manila with the outside
world after the battle of Manila Bay.
![Page 57: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Meritt received the proclamation
on August 16, three days after the
mock battle of Manila. The
Americans who had promised
friendship and alliance to
Aguinaldo’s forces had taken over
the Philippines.
![Page 58: Chapter 12](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032216/55a76aab1a28ab255c8b48b8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Submitted By:
JOANA MARIE R. PEREZ & JUDECEL CLAVERIA