chapter 11the cell cycle a ppt by mrs. morton at buffalo acadamy of the sacred heart and andrea wise...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11 The Cell CycleA PPT by Mrs. Morton at Buffalo Acadamy of the Sacred Heart and Andrea Wise of Providence HS
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Bacterial Cells
Binary Fission Circular DNA replicates Cell divides
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The Cell Cycle Interphase (90% of
cycle) • G1 phase growth • S phase synthesis of DNA • G2 phase preparation for
cell division Mitotic phase • Mitosis nuclear division • Cytokinesis cytoplasm
division
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Cell Division: Key Roles Genome: cell’s genetic
information Somatic (body cells) cells Gametes (reproductive cells):
sperm and egg cells Chromosomes: DNA molecules Diploid (2n): 2 sets of
chromosomes Haploid (1n): 1 set of
chromosomes Chromatin: DNA-protein
complex Chromatids: replicated strands
of a chromosome Centromere: narrowing
“waist” of sister chromatids Mitosis: nuclear division Cytokinesis: cytoplasm
division Meiosis: gamete nuclear
division
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Chromosomes
Contain genetic information. Made of DNA.
Numbers of chromosomes per cell Humans--46 Total (23 from each parent) Fruit fly- 8 total Chicken--78
The # of chromosomes is not correlated with the complexity of the organism
Chromosomes
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MITOSIS
DEFINITION Division of the Cell’s Nucleus
PURPOSE To ensure that each daughter cell
gets an exact copy of the chromosomes
Mitosis
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Why cells must divide... List 3 reasons why cells must divide.
1 Growth of organism While each cell remains tiny
2 Repair
3 Reproduce (Mitosis-Asexual, Meiosis Sexual)
Why Cells Must Divide
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Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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Prophase Chromosomes
visible Nucleoli
disappear Sister chromatids Mitotic spindle
forms Centrioles move
to opposite poles
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Metaphase Centrioles are at
opposite poles Centromeres are
aligned Kinetochores of
sister chromatids attached to microtubules (spindle)
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Anaphase Paired centromeres
separate; sister chromatids liberated
Chromosomes move to opposite poles
Each pole now has a complete set of chromosomes
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Telophase Daughter nuclei
form Nuclear
envelopes arise Chromatin
becomes less coiled
Two new nuclei complete mitosis
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Cytokinesis
Cytoplasmic division
Animals: cleavage furrow
Plants: cell plate
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Cell Cycle regulation Cell cycle
control system Checkpoint Cyclin- cell
division protein Levels of cyclins
ebb and flow depending on where in cycle
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Cell Cycle regulation Growth factors
Mitosis promoting factor (MPF)- a cyclin
Grows blood vessels to new tissues
Density-dependent inhibition
Anchorage dependence
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Cyclins Regulate Cell Cycle
MPF -Mitosis Promoting Factor Contains the enzyme CDK- Cyclin-
Dependent Kinase
Kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to protein (energizes a molecule).
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Growth Factors
G1 Checkpoint: External Growth Factors Platelet Derived GF (PDGF)- stimulates
cell division near a wound G2 Checkpoint
Checks the DNA for damage
M -spindle checkpoint Checks the spindle is correctly anchored
to kineticore
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Cancer Transformation of DNA Tumor: benign or malignant Metastasis
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Cancer: breast cancer cell & mammogram
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What phase is this?
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What phase is this?
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Count cells in the area ofCell division
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C C
E e
KARYTYPE
CROSSING OVER- RECOMBINATION FREQUENCY
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Yellow body color
White eye color
Vermilion eye color
Miniature wing
Rudimentary wing
y
y
w
w
v
vm
mr
r
Five characters onX chromosome
0 .01 .31 .34 .58
Wild type
Fig. 13.32(TE Art)
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Duchenne muscular dystrophyBecker muscular dystrophy
Ichthyosis, X-linkedPlacental steroid sulfatase deficiencyKallmann syndromeChondrodysplasia punctata, X-linked recessive
HypophosphatemiaAicardi syndromeHypomagnesemia, X-linkedOcular albinismRetinoschisis
Adrenal hypoplasiaGlycerol kinase deficiency
Incontinentia pigmentiWiskott-Aldrich syndromeMenkes syndrome
Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathyChoroideremiaCleft palate, X-linkedSpastic paraplegia, X-linked, uncomplicatedDeafness with stapes fixationPRPS-related gout
Lowe syndrome
Lesch-Nyhan syndromeHPRT-related goutHunter syndromeHemophilia BHemophilia AG6PD deficiency: favismDrug-sensitive anemiaChronic hemolytic anemiaManic-depressive illness, X-linkedColorblindness, (several forms)Dyskeratosis congenitaTKCR syndromeAdrenoleukodystrophyAdrenomyeloneuropathyEmery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophyDiabetes insipidus, renalMyotubular myopathy, X-linked
Androgen insensitivity
Chronic granulomatous diseaseRetinitis pigmentosa-3
Norrie diseaseRetinitis pigmentosa-2
Sideroblastic anemiaAarskog-Scott syndrome
PGK deficiency hemolytic anemia
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
AgammaglobulinemiaKennedy disease
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher diseaseAlport syndrome
Fabry disease
Albinism-deafness syndrome
Fragile-X syndrome
Immunodeficiency, X-linked,with hyper IgM
Lymphoproliferative syndrome
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Fig. 13.33(TE Art)